Nokia Corporation (pronunciation /'nɔkiɑ/) OMX: NOK1V, NYSE: NOK, FWB: NOA3) is a Finnish multinational communications corporation, headquartered in Keilaniemi, Espoo, a city neighbouring Finland's capital Helsinki. Nokia is focused on wireless and wired telecommunications, with 112,262 employees in 120 countries, sales in more than 150 countries and global annual revenue of 51.1 billion euros and operating profit of 8.0 billion as of 2007. It is the world's largest manufacturer of mobile telephones: its global device market share was about 40% in Q2 of 2008, up from 38% in Q2 2007 and up from 39% sequentially. Nokia produces mobile phones for every major market segment and protocol, including GSM, CDMA, and W-CDMA (UMTS). Nokia's subsidiary Nokia Siemens Networks produces telecommunications network equipments, solutions and services.
Nokia has sites for research and development, manufacturing and sales in many continents throughout the world. As of March 2008, Nokia had R&D centers in 10 countries and employed 30,415 people in research and development, representing approximately 27% of Nokia’s total workforce. Nokia Research Center, founded in 1986, is Nokia's industrial research unit of about 800 researchers, engineers and scientists.It has sites in seven countries: Finland, Denmark, Germany, China, Japan, United Kingdom and United States. Besides its NRCs, in 2001 Nokia founded (and owns) INdT - Nokia Institute of Technology, a R&D institute located in Brazil. Nokia production facilities are located at Espoo, Oulu and Salo, Finland; Manaus, Brazil; Beijing, Dongguan and Suzhou, China; Fleet, England; Bochum (closing planned for mid-2008), Germany; Komárom, Hungary; Chennai, India; Reynosa, Mexico; Jucu, Romania and Masan, South Korea. Nokia's Design Department remains in Salo, Finland.
Nokia plays a very large role in the economy of Finland: it is by far the largest Finnish company, accounting for about a third of the market capitalization of the Helsinki Stock Exchange (OMX Helsinki) as of 2007; a unique situation for an industrialized country. It is an important employer in Finland and several small companies have grown into large ones as Nokia's subcontractors. Nokia increased Finland's GDP by more than 1.5% in 1999 alone. In 2004 Nokia's share of the Finland's GDP was 3.5% and accounted for almost a quarter of Finland's exports in 2003. In 2006, Nokia generated revenue that for the first time exceeded the state budget of Finland.
Finns have ranked Nokia many times as the best Finnish brand and employer. Valued at $35.9 billion, the Nokia brand is listed as the 5th most valuable global brand in Interbrand/BusinessWeek's Best Global Brands list of 2008 (1st non-US company). It is the number one brand in Asia (as of 2007) and Europe (as of 2008), the 23rd most admirable company worldwide in Fortune's World's Most Admired Companies list of 2008 (tied with Exxon Mobil; 2nd in Network Communications, 5th non-US company), and is the world's 88th largest company in Fortune Global 500 list of 2008, up from 119 of the previous year. As of 2008, AMR Research ranks Nokia's global supply chain number two in the world.
The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) is a species of Bottlenose Dolphin. The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin grows to 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) long, and weigh up to 230 kilograms (510 lb). It lives in the waters around India, northern Australia, South China, the Red Sea, and the eastern coast of Africa. Its back is dark-grey and belly is lighter grey or nearly white with grey spots.
Until 1998, all Bottlenose Dolphins were considered members of the single species T. truncatus. In that year, the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin was recognized as a separate species. The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin is generally smaller than the Common Bottlenose Dolphin, has a proportionately longer rostrum, and has spots on its belly and lower sides. The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin also has more teeth than the Common Bottlenose Dolphin — 23 to 29 teeth on each side of each jaw for the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin, compared to 21 to 24 for the Common Bottlenose Dolphin. There is evidence that the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin may actually be more closely related to certain dolphin species in the genera Stenella and Delphinus, especially the Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (S. frontalis), than it is to the Common Bottlenose Dolphin. Much of the old scientific data in the field combine data about the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin and the Common Bottlenose Dolphin into a single group, making it effectively useless in determining the structural differences between the two species. The IUCN lists both species as data deficient in their Red List of endangered species because of this issue.
Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins live in groups that can number in the hundreds, but groups of 5 to 15 dolphins are most common. In some parts of their range they associate with the Common Bottlenose Dolphin. It also associates with other dolphin species, such as the humpback dolphin.
The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin has a peak mating and calving season in spring and summer, although mating and calving occur throughout the year in some regions. Gestation period is about 12 months. Calves are between 0.84 and 1.5 metres (2.8 and 4.9 ft) long, and weigh between 9 and 21 kilograms (20 and 46 lb). The calves are weaned between 1.5 and 2 years, but can remain with their mother for up to 5 years. The interbirth interval for females is typically 4 to 6 years.
In some parts of its range, the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin is subject to predation by sharks.[5] The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin can live more than 40 years.
Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat), is a temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation—first Hindu, dedicated to Vishnu, then Buddhist. The temple is the epitome of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors.
Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple mountain and the later galleried temple, based on early South Indian architecture, with key features such as the Jagati. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 km (2.2 miles) long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs and for the numerous devatas (guardian spirits) adorning its walls.
The modern name, Angkor Wat, in use by the 16th century,[1] means "City Temple": Angkor is a vernacular form of the word nokor which comes from the Sanskrit word nagara (capital), while wat is the Khmer word for temple. Prior to this time the temple was known as Preah Pisnulok, after the posthumous title of its founder, Suryavarman
assalamualaikum and happy eid to madam.. final examination just around the corner.so,i want share some tips before we meet final examination. 1. Start studying at least one week before the final exam. To ace your final exam, you must spend several hours studying, but this doesn’t mean studying all night before the final exam. This never seems to work anyway. But, if you spend an hour each night for a week before the final exam, you’ll slowly take in the information and remember it.
2. Read all of the assignments when they are assigned. Reading ten chapters worth of material the week before the final exam will not work. In order to ace your final exam, you must read the material when your instructor assigns it. When you try to read all that material in one week, before your final exam, it’s simply too much to take in. You must be able to remember this material in order to ace your final exam.
3. Memorize important information. If you pay attention in class, your instructor will, more than likely, mention pieces of information and say that they will be on the final exam. Write these down and memorize them. If you want to ace your final exam, pay attention to any piece of information that seems important. When reading a chapter in your textbook, highlight anything that even sounds like it might be on the text. The final exam will, more than likely, be just like the midterm you took earlier in the semester. 4. Think about the midterm exam. What was the layout of that exam? Most instructors will use the same layout for the final exam. If you know that the test was a fill in the blank type test, you’ll know to memorize important dates, names, and vocabulary words. If the layout is multiple choice you should study important facts.
5. Listen to your instructor. Most instructors will tell you exactly what the final exam will be, if you just listen. Your instructor wants you to ace your final exam and will help you. An instructor may tell you important pieces of information that you should write down, they may tell you the layout of the final exam, and they may even give you a study sheet of the questions that will be asked.
6. Make your own study sheet. After you have written down important facts, names, vocabulary words, pieces of information your instructor gave you, and anything you highlighted in your textbook you should make a study sheet of this material. This will make it much easier for you to study for and ace your final exam.
7. Have someone quiz you. After you have studied, ask a friend or family member to quiz you. As they ask you questions, have them highlight the information you didn’t remember. Then after you have studied some more, they can quiz you on the information you didn’t know or you could quiz yourself.
8. Quiz yourself. This may sound impossible, but it’s not. Take the information you didn’t know and write it down on a piece of paper. For example, if you missed vocabulary words, write down the words and then put the study sheet away. This will allow you to quiz yourself and see if you have memorized the information.
9. Talk with your instructor. If your instructor hasn’t given your class any idea of what will be on the final exam, just ask. Your instructor may be willing to tell you the layout, what to study, etc.
10. Write down dates. Nothing is worse than walking into class and finding out today is the final exam. You may have been studying, but still not completely ready. In order to ace your final exam, you must keep up with when the test will be given. This ensures that you will give yourself enough time to study and ace the final exam. but the most important is as muslim we must work hard,pray and tawakal to Allah. best of luck!!!!!!!!!!!
The culture of Ancient Egypt lived along the Nile river in Egypt from before the 5th millennium BC until the 4th Century AD. Ancient Egyptian society was based on farming the fertile Nile valley which flooded every year, enriching the soil with nutrients. The government of ancient Egypt, headed by the Pharaoh, was responsible for organizing farming efforts and collecting taxes for the state, which protected the country's borders and built grand monuments to the gods. The ancient Egyptian civilization effectively ended after the Roman domination, but the pyramids and colossal statues they left behind stand as testimony to the power of the pharaohs.
The largest known prime number is the largest integer that is currently known to be a prime number. Graph of number of digits in largest known prime by year, since the electronic computer. Note that the vertical scale is logarithmic. Graph of number of digits in largest known prime by year, since the electronic computer. Note that the vertical scale is logarithmic.
It was proven by Euclid that there are infinitely many prime numbers; thus, there is always a prime greater than the largest known prime. Many mathematicians and hobbyists search for large prime numbers. There are several prizes offered by the Electronic Frontier Foundation for record primes.
Because the FFT implementation of the Lucas–Lehmer test for Mersenne numbers is faster than other known primality tests for other kinds of primes, many of the largest known primes are Mersenne primes. As of September 2008 there were eight Mersenne primes among the ten largest known primes. The last 14 record primes were Mersenne primes. Before that was a single non-Mersenne (improving the record by merely 37 digits in 1989), and 17 more Mersenne primes going back to 1952.
The use of electronic computers has accelerated the discoveries and found all records since 1951. The record passed one million digits in 1999, earning a $50,000 prize.
As of September 2008, the largest known prime was discovered by the distributed computing project Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS):
243,112,609 − 1.
This was found to be a prime number on August 23, 2008. This number is 12,978,189 digits long and is (chronologically) the 45th known Mersenne prime.
Its predecessor as largest known prime, 232,582,657 − 1, was first shown to be prime on September 4, 2006 by GIMPS also. GIMPS found the 11 latest records on ordinary computers operated by participants around the world.
NASA has had many successful space missions and programs, including over 150 manned missions. Many of the notable manned missions were from the Apollo program, a sequence of missions to the Moon which included the achievement of the first man to walk on the Moon, during Apollo 11. The Space Shuttle program has also been a success,[citation needed] despite the loss of two of the Space Shuttles, Challenger and Columbia which resulted in the deaths of their entire crews. The Space Shuttles were able to dock with the space station Mir while it was operational, and are now able to dock with the International Space Station – a joint project of many space agencies. NASA's future plans for space exploration are with the Project Constellation.
There have been many unmanned NASA space missions as well, including at least one that visited each of the other seven planets in our Solar System, and four missions (Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2) that have left our solar system. There has been much recent success with the missions to Mars, including the Mars Exploration Rovers, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the Phoenix Mars Lander. NASA remains the only space agency to have launched space missions to the outer solar system beyond the asteroid belt. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
The Cassini probe, launched in 1997 and in orbit around Saturn since mid-2004, is investigating Saturn and its inner satellites. With over twenty years in the making, Cassini-Huygens is an example of international cooperation between JPL-NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).
Built entirely by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, NASA probes have been continually performing science at Mars since 1997, with at least two orbiters since 2001 and several Mars rovers. The orbiting Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter will continue monitoring the geology and climate of the Red Planet, as well as searching for evidence of past or present water and life, as they have since 2001 and 2006, respectively. If the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft's nine-year lifetime is typical, these probes will continue to advance our knowledge for years to come. The Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity have been traversing the surface of Mars at Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum since early 2004, and will continue to image and investigate those environments. They have both already operated over seventeen times longer than expected, and remain a promising part of NASA's future. Adding to this flotilla is the Phoenix Mars Lander, which executed a perfect powered touchdown in the northern latitudes of Mars on May 25, 2008 after a 10-month journey of more than 420 million miles.
Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation.
The average global air temperature near the Earth's surface increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100 years ending in 2005. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes "most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations" via an enhanced greenhouse effect. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950 onward.
These basic conclusions have been endorsed by at least 30 scientific societies and academies of science, including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries. While individual scientists have voiced disagreement with some findings of the IPCC, the overwhelming majority of scientists working on climate change agree with the IPCC's main conclusions.
Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface temperature will likely rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the twenty-first century. This range of values results from the use of differing scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions as well as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most studies focus on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is a result of the large heat capacity of the oceans.
Increasing global temperature is expected to cause sea levels to rise, an increase in the intensity of extreme weather events, and significant changes to the amount and pattern of precipitation, likely leading to an expanse of tropical areas and increased pace of desertification. Other expected effects of global warming include changes in agricultural yields, modifications of trade routes, glacier retreat, mass species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors.
Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the future, and how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but there is ongoing political and public debate worldwide regarding what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its expected consequences.
A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust by the reaction of the rocket to the ejection of fast moving fluid from a rocket engine. Chemical rockets work by the action of hot gas produced by the combustion of the propellant against the inside of combustion chambers and expansion nozzles. This generates forces that accelerate the gas to extremely high speed and exert a large thrust on the rocket (since every action has an equal and opposite reaction).
The history of rockets goes back to at least the 13th century. By the 20th century, they have enabled human spaceflight to the Moon. In the 21st century, they have made commercial space tourism possible.
Rockets are used for fireworks and weaponry, as launch vehicles for artificial satellites, human spaceflight and exploration of other planets. While inefficient for low speed use, they are, compared to other propulsion systems, very lightweight and powerful, capable of attaining extremely high speeds with reasonable efficiency.
Chemical rockets store a large amount of energy in an easily-released form, and can be very dangerous. However, careful design, testing, construction, and use minimize the risks.
Larger rockets are normally launched from a launch pad which serves as stable support until a few seconds after ignition.
A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust by the reaction of the rocket to the ejection of fast moving fluid from a rocket engine. Chemical rockets work by the action of hot gas produced by the combustion of the propellant against the inside of combustion chambers and expansion nozzles. This generates forces that accelerate the gas to extremely high speed and exert a large thrust on the rocket (since every action has an equal and opposite reaction).
The history of rockets goes back to at least the 13th century.By the 20th century, they have enabled human spaceflight to the Moon. In the 21st century, they have made commercial space tourism possible.
Rockets are used for fireworks and weaponry, as launch vehicles for artificial satellites, human spaceflight and exploration of other planets. While inefficient for low speed use, they are, compared to other propulsion systems, very lightweight and powerful, capable of attaining extremely high speeds with reasonable efficiency.
Chemical rockets store a large amount of energy in an easily-released form, and can be very dangerous. However, careful design, testing, construction, and use minimize the risks.
Larger rockets are normally launched from a launch pad which serves as stable support until a few seconds after ignition.
Forensic electrical engineering is a branch of forensic engineering, and is concerned with investigating electrical failures and accidents in a legal context. Many forensic electrical engineering investigations apply to fires suspected to be caused by electrical failures. Forensic electrical engineers are most commonly retained by insurance companies or attorneys representing insurance companies, or by manufacturers or contractors defending themselves against subrogation by insurance companies. Other areas of investigation include accident investigation involving electrocution, and intellectual property disputes such as patent actions. Additionally, since electrical fires are most often cited as the cause for "suspect" fires an electrical engineer is often employed to evaluate the electrical equipment and systems to determine that the cause of the fire was/or was not electrical in nature.
assalamualaikum... Effective Study skills are about more than understanding
Effective study skills must be practiced in order for you to improve. It is not enough to simply "think about" studying; you have to actually do it, and in the process use information from what you do to get better. This is the central idea of this page. All that follows depends on this single concept. There is a saying that goes like this: "Practice doesn't make perfect; perfect practice makes perfect." If you want to be an achiever, take this saying to heart.
The value of a schedule
Before you even begin to think about the process of studying, you must develop a schedule. If you don't have a schedule or plan for studying, then you will not have any way of allocating your valuable time when the unexpected comes up. A good, well thought out schedule can be a lifesaver. It's up to you to learn how develop a schedule that meets your needs, revise it if necessary, and most important, follow it.
A schedule saves time
All schedules should be made with the idea that they can be revised. A good schedule keeps you from wandering off course. A good schedule, if properly managed, assigns time where time is needed, but you've got to want to do it!
Making every hour count
A schedule should take into account every class, laboratory, lecture, social event, and other work in which you engage. There are givens such as classes and so on that have to be incorporated. You must focus on the other "free time" available and how you will use it. Make a weekly schedule and block off the 24 hour day in one hour increments. Indicate times for classes, labs, lectures, social, and work time. Also block off a period for sleeping each day. With what is left over, plan time for study. This gives you a rough road map of the time available. Of course, you can revise your schedule as circumstances warrant.
When to study
The problem of when to study is critical. A good rule of thumb is that studying should be carried out only when you are rested, alert, and have planned for it. Last minute studying just before a class is usually a waste of time.
Studying for lecture courses
If your study period is before the lecture class, be sure you have read all the assignments and made notes on what you don't understand. If the study period is after the lecture class, review the notes you took during class while the information is still fresh.
Studying for recitation courses
For classes that require recitation, such as foreign language, be sure to schedule a study period just before the class. Use the time to practice. Sometimes, practice with others can help sharpen your skills in a before-class study period.
Making and revising a schedule
Don't be afraid to revise your schedule. Schedules are really plans for how you intend to use your time. If your schedule doesn't work, revise it. You must understand that your schedule is to help you develop good study habits. Once you have developed them, schedule building becomes easier.
The Process of Study
How to use your time
Time is the most valuable resource a student has. It is also one of the most wasted of resources. The schedule you develop should guide you in how to allocate the available time in the most productive manner. Sticking to your schedule can be tough. Don't dribble away valuable time. Avoiding study is the easiest thing in the world. It's up to you to follow the schedule you prepared. A good deal of your success in high school or college depends on this simple truth.
Where to study
You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries, study lounges or private rooms are best. Above all, the place you choose to study should not be distracting. Distractions can build up, and the first thing you know, you're out of time and out of luck. Make choosing a good physical environment a part of your study habits.
Strategies
Thinking skills
Everybody has thinking skills, but few use them effectively. Effective thinking skills cannot be studied, but must be built up over a period of time. Good thinkers see possibilities where others see only dead-ends. If you're not a good thinker, start now by developing habits that make you ask yourself questions as you read. Talk to other students who you feel are good thinkers. Ask them what it is they do when they think critically or creatively. Often times, you can pick up valuable insights to help you become a better thinker.
The SQ3R method
The SQ3R method has been a proven way to sharpen study skills. SQ3R stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review. Take a moment now and write SQ3R down. It is a good slogan to commit to memory to carry out an effective study strategy.
Survey - get the best overall picture of what you're going to study BEFORE you study it an any detail. It's like looking at a road map before going on a trip. If you don't know the territory, studying a map is the best way to begin.
Question - ask questions for learning. The important things to learn are usually answers to questions. Questions should lead to emphasis on the what, why, how, when, who and where of study content. Ask yourself questions as you read or study. As you answer them, you will help to make sense of the material and remember it more easily because the process will make an impression on you. Those things that make impressions are more meaningful, and therefore more easily remembered. Don't be afraid to write your questions in the margins of textbooks, on lecture notes, or wherever it makes sense.
Read - Reading is NOT running your eyes over a textbook. When you read, read actively. Read to answer questions you have asked yourself or questions the instructor or author has asked. Always be alert to bold or italicized print. The authors intend that this material receive special emphasis. Also, when you read, be sure to read everything, including tables, graphs and illustrations. Often times tables, graphs and illustrations can convey an idea more powerfully than written text.
Recite - When you recite, you stop reading periodically to recall what you have read. Try to recall main headings, important ideas of concepts presented in bold or italicized type, and what graphs charts or illustrations indicate. Try to develop an overall concept of what you have read in your own words and thoughts. Try to connect things you have just read to things you already know. When you do this periodically, the chances are you will remember much more and be able to recall material for papers, essays and objective tests.
Review - A review is a survey of what you have covered. It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish, not what you are going to do. Rereading is an important part of the review process. Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from the process. During review, it's a good time to go over notes you have taken to help clarify points you may have missed or don't understand. The best time to review is when you have just finished studying something. Don't wait until just before an examination to begin the review process. Before an examination, do a final review. If you manage your time, the final review can be thought of as a "fine-tuning" of your knowledge of the material. Thousands of high school and college students have followed the SQ3R steps to achieve higher grades with less stress.
Reading
A primary means by which you acquire information is through reading. In college you're expected to do much more reading than in high school. Don't assume just because you've "read" the assignments that is the end of it. You must learn to read with a purpose. In studying, you may read the same assignment three or four times, each time with a different purpose. You must know before you begin reading what your purpose is, and read accordingly.
Getting the Main Idea
Getting the main idea in reading is central to effective studying. You must learn what the author's central idea is, and understand it in your own way. Every paragraph contains a main idea. Main ideas are perfect for outlining textbooks. Make it a habit to find the main idea in each paragraph you read.
Extracting Important Details
Extracting important details means that you locate in your reading the basis for main ideas. There is usually one important detail associated with every main idea. The more important details you can identify, the easier it will be to review for examinations because you have made a link between an idea and information that supports it. The more links you can make between details and ideas, as well as ideas themselves, the more powerful will be the efforts of your study.
Don't Read Aloud to Yourself
Generally, reading aloud to yourself does not help you study more effectively. If you move your lips while you read, you're not reading efficiently. If you read aloud or move your lips while you're reading, you are reading slowly, so stop moving your lips. Try putting a finger over your lips. Your finger will remind you not to move your lips. Make an effort to read faster and retain more - after a while, you'll be surprised how little effort it will take.
Taking Notes
Like reading, note-taking is a skill which must be learned and refined. Almost invariably, note taking, or the lack of it, is a constant deficiency in the study methods of many high school and college students. Learning the ingredients of good note taking is rather easy; applying them to your own situation depends on how serious you are in becoming a successful student.
Where to Keep Notes
You must learn to keep notes logically and legibly. Remember, if you can't read your own writing a few days after taking notes, they are of little use. By all accounts, the best place to keep notes is in a loose-leaf notebook. Use dividers to separate the different classes you take. Make it a habit of using your notebook to record ALL your notes. If you're caught without your notebook and need to take notes, always have a supply of loose-leaf paper with you. Insert your note papers into the notebook as soon as you can. Be sure to buy a good notebook, as it will get a lot of wear and tear.
Outlining Textbooks
First of all, don't underline. Use a highlighter. Experience has shown that text passages highlighted are more easily remembered than the same passages underlined. In outlining a text, don't just read along and highlight what seem to important words. That technique rarely works. The act of outlining works much better.
Taking Lecture Notes
Surveying, Questioning, Listening
Taking accurate and concise lecture notes is essential. Develop the habit of taking notes using appropriate methods described earlier in the SQ3R technique. For example, when you listen to a lecture, formulate questions as you listen. Your main job in taking lecture notes is to be a good listener. To be a good listener, you must learn to focus and concentrate on the main points of the lecture. Get them down, and then later reorganize them in your own words. Once you have done this, you have set the stage for successful reviewing and revising.
Reviewing and Revising
As you prepare for examinations, tests, or other assessments, you should spend time reviewing and revising your lecture notes. Begin the process by reviewing your notes right after a lecture. If you wait too long, you may discover that the notes just don't make sense. Don't hesitate to revise your notes based on the review process.
Research Notes
Any form of note-taking that requires compilation of information by categories, rather than in narrative form is best done using index cards. You can sort, edit and arrange index cards to suit your particular study needs. The most important point in using cards is to indicate the correct reference or topic at the top of the card. Use the cards for study, review, to help organize information for papers, reports, or projects. An even better idea, if you have a personal computer, is to organize your categorical information in a database. Once you set it up, finding, updating and adding new information is quite easy. If you have a printer, you can print out your notes in a variety of ways.
Taking Examinations
Objective Examinations
Surveying
Survey any objective examination to find out what types of questions are being asked. Surveying helps you to know what to expect.
Knowing the Ground Rules
Always read directions! Indicate your answers exactly the way the directions state. Make sure your answers are clear. Determine what the scoring rules for the test are and follow them to your advantage. For example, if wrong answers are penalized, don't guess unless you can reduce the choices to two.
Answering Easy Questions First
Answering easy (to you) questions first is the best strategy. If you stumble over difficult questions for too long a time, you may not be able to complete the exam.
Picking out Key Words
Objective examination questions usually contain one or more key words. A key word or group of words are those on which the truth or falsity of a statement hinges. Learn to spot the key words in the statement that define the meaning. If a statement contains two clauses, one of which is false, the whole statement is false. Usually, two-statement true-false questions are either both true or both false.
Reading Multiple-Choice Questions
Multiple choice questions are essentially true-false questions arranged in groups. Usually, only one alternative is correct. Your job is to pick the alternative that is more nearly true than the others. Read multiple-choice questions the same way as for true-false. Eliminate obvious false choices.
Reading Other Types of Questions
The methods used to answer true-false and multiple choice questions apply to matching questions as well. Always scan the entire list of alternatives before matching any. As in the other types of questions, try to identify key words in each list and test them. Completion questions require you to provide a word or phrase. When you encounter completion questions, choose your words carefully. If you don't know the answer, give it your best guess, as often times such responses get at least partial credit.
Essay Examinations
Planning your time in answering essay questions is more important than in objective type tests. The general rule is not to get carried away on one or two questions to the extent that you cannot answer that other questions in the time allowed. Read through the entire examination first. Get a feel for the questions you are expected to answer. If the exam allows you to choose from a number of questions, be sure to number your answers exactly to match the questions.
When you follow directions for an essay exam, pay attention to the key words the instructor has included. Such words as "list," "describe," "compare and contrast," and "outline" have special meaning. Don't "write around" the question but answer it directly. If a question asks you to list something, don't write a narrative about it. Answering essay questions directly is always the best policy.
After scanning the list of questions to be answered, choose the ones you know most about. A good idea is to prepare an outline of your answers. The outline will help you remember important ideas and facts to be included in your response. Another technique is to do a "memory-dump." This technique is discussed in the last section of this guide, "Power Study Tips."
Good handwriting is an absolute essential. If your cursive writing is very hard to read, try printing instead. Most instructors value clear handwriting. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling also count. Well-written grammatically correct answers almost always receive higher grades than poorly written grammatically incorrect answers, even though the answers themselves are the same.
Writing Themes and Reports
Reviewing the Topic
Students usually have some freedom to choose the subject of themes or reports. When you make this choice, be sure that the topic is acceptable to the teacher, and is as interesting to you as possible. Another consideration is that of availability of resource material. Your task is made much easier when there is a good amount of reference and resource material available.
Using Correct Punctuation and Grammar
As in writing essays questions, good grammar and punctuation are a must. Most students use word processors to write papers. Be sure to use the spell checker that almost all word processors have built in. Many word processors also have some sort of grammar checker. Learn to use a grammar checker, as it can point out serious flaws in your writing and help you become a better writer. Most grammar checkers explain the grammar rules that apply to the suggested corrections to your writing.
Gathering Materials Before You Write
Before you begin writing, assemble the materials you will need. Use index cards, notes, bibliographies, summaries, reports and reviews as part of your preparation process. Using index cards for references is an excellent way to organize your materials. Computer database programs can also help you classify and organize reference materials.
Preparing an Outline and Writing the Paper
Once you have your topic, have gathered and organized your materials, it is time to outline your paper. Put your outline on paper! Don't make the mistake of trying to keep everything in your head. Make your outline in the form of main headings or ideas with sub-headings fleshing out the flow of the paper. Using the outline as a guide begin writing begin by asking yourself what the paper is going to say and what conclusions you want to reach. Doing this ahead of time will help keep you focused and prevent you from straying from the purpose of the paper. Making up the outline as you go along almost always results in a less than satisfactory product. Writing is important in high school and is a key to success in college and in many professions. Become a good writer by writing, revising, and reviewing your work. Don't be afraid to ask other students to critique your work. Try to write in your own natural style, be aware that most good writers go through many revisions, and be prepared to do the same. Writing and test-taking are the end results of developing good study skills. There is no magic formula for success. If you follow the suggestions in this guide, apply them and think about them, you'll have taken a giant step toward becoming a successful student.
Power Studying Tips for College Students
The following tips have proven to be extremely powerful guides for organizing, thinking, studying, and learning in college. They represent the best advice of successful college students. The can also work for high school students.
Study Space
Tip: Your study space should be as quiet and comfortable as possible. Avoid studying in noisy places such as cafeterias, recreation rooms, or lounges.
Tip: When studying, keep a waste basket handy.
Tip: Have a consistent place for everything, and above all, keep it there!
Tip: Have everything needed for study handy beforehand. Don't waste valuable time looking for books, notes, of other information. After you have assembled the items you need, put them where you can reach them easily.
Study Habits
Tip: Begin study no less than 30-90 minutes after a meal.
Tip: Never study within 30 minutes of going to sleep.
Tip: Prioritize! Make a list of what you intend to study, prioritize the list, and stick to it!
Tip: If possible, study no more than 30-40 minutes at a stretch. Many students retain more by studying for short periods with breaks in between. It all depends on what you're trying to study, but generally, after a period of study, take a break.
Tip: Take study breaks away from your desk or wherever you are studying. Let the break be a time to think about other things. Use some break time to reflect, not constantly review what you have just studied.
The Classroom
Tip: Distractions in the classroom are deadly. To help avoid distractions, sit near the front of the class. You're less likely to miss something important, and there are far less distractions at the front than any other location.
Tip: Think! Thinking is one of the most important things you can do in class. If you just sit there passively, and not think, class can be deadly. Think about what the teacher is saying BEFORE writing down anything. Writing down each word is a WASTE OF TIME. Reorganize in your mind what the teacher says, and then write it down. This way you will be connecting the teacher's words with HOW you think. If you do this, your notes will make a lot more sense later on.
Tip: Pay attention to the course outline or syllabus. Generally, important points and materials are referenced here and repeated. Don't be afraid to ask the teacher if there is something you don't understand. Most teachers will be glad to clarify for you.
Preparing for Class
Tip: Efficient students do not underline! Underlining is not a productive way to emphasize textbook material. It's best to use a highlighter.
Tip: Read the table of contents of your texts carefully. If the textbooks have chapter summaries, read them first! If you don't understand the material from the summaries, go back and highlight. Take notes on what you have highlighted and review your notes. Tip: Break study material into short segments of length dependent on its difficulty. Remember, concise notes are more powerful than copious notes. Think about the material! Then take notes on what you don't know or are not sure of.
Test Taking
Tip: For essay examinations, try the "memory dump" technique. If permitted, write down everything you've memorized - facts, names, dates, ideas, events, and so on BEFORE you do anything else. Sometimes reading through the essay questions can distract you from what you've studied. The "memory dump" technique requires that you write down everything possible BEFORE you begin writing essay answers. This way, you are less likely to forget something important.
A Final Word
The study skills presented here depend on one thing, and that is your willingness to WANT to improve and do well in school. If you really don't want to make the effort and sacrifice, no amount of suggestions, ideas, or outlines can help much. You are the one who is responsible for your education, and effective study skills can help you. To that end, one last word of advice -- work smart, not hard.
Malaysia is a country that consists of thirteen states and three federal territories in Southeast Asia with a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,355 sq mi). The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population stands at over 25 million. The country is separated into two regions—Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo—by the South China Sea. Malaysia borders Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and the Philippines. The country is located near the equator and experiences a tropical climate. Malaysia's head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (conventionally referred to as 'the King' or 'the Agong') and the government is headed by a Prime Minister. The government is closely modeled after the Westminster parliamentary system.
Malaysia as a unified state did not exist until 1963. Previously, a set of colonies were established by the United Kingdom from the late-18th century, and the western half of modern Malaysia was composed of several separate kingdoms. This group of colonies was known as British Malaya until its dissolution in 1946, when it was reorganised as the Malayan Union. Due to widespread opposition, it was reorganised again as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and later gained independence on 31 August 1957. Singapore, Sarawak, British North Borneo and the Federation of Malaya joined to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963. The early years of the new union were marred by an armed conflict with Indonesia and the expulsion of Singapore. The Southeast Asian nation experienced an economic boom and underwent rapid development during the late-20th century. With a GDP per capita standing at USD14,400, it has, from time to time, been considered a newly industrialised country. Because Malaysia is one of three countries that control the Strait of Malacca, international trade plays a large role in its economy. At one time, it was the largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil in the world. Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy.
The Malays form the majority of the population. Some Malays are of Arab[citation needed] descent and there are sizable Chinese and Indian communities. Islam is the largest as well as the official religion of the federation. The Malay language is the official language. The Malay language was originally written in Pallava from India, the earliest known inscriptions in Malay were found in southern Sumatra and on the island of Bangka and date from 683-6 AD. They were written in an Indian script during the time of the kingdom of Srivijaya, but nowadays, the Roman alphabet (Rumi) is more often used.
Malaysia is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and participates in many international organisations such as the United Nations. As a former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It is also a member of the Developing 8 Countries.
World Food Day (WFD) was established by FAO's Member Countries at the Organization's 20th General Conference in November 1979. The Hungarian Delegation, lead by the former Hungarian Minister of Agriculture and Food, Dr. Pál Romány has played an active role at the 20th Session of the FAO Conference and suggested the idea of celebrating the WFD worldwide. It has since been observed every year in more than 150 countries, raising awareness of the issues behind poverty and hunger.
Themes
Since 1981, World Food Day has adopted a different theme each year, in order to highlight areas needed for action and provide a common focus. The theme for 2006 is "Invest in agriculture for food security". It was chosen because only investment in agriculture – together with support for education and health – will turn this situation around. The bulk of that investment will have to come from the private sector, with public investment playing a crucial role, especially in view of its facilitating and stimulating effect on private investment. In spite of the importance of agriculture as the driving force in the economies of many developing countries, this vital sector is frequently starved of investment. In particular, foreign aid to agriculture has shown marked declines over the past 20 years.
The Common snake-neck turtle (Chelodina longicollis), also known as the Eastern long-neck turtle, Eastern snake-neck turtle, or Common long-neck turtle has as its most distinctive feature its extremely long neck. In some cases, this turtle's neck can be as long as its carapace. It is a type of side-necked turtle, meaning that it bends its head sideways into its shell rather than pulling it directly back.
The common snakeback turtle also has powerful webbed feet for swimming, digging, and tearing apart prey. Its carapace (shell) is flattened, broad, and brown with black-edged scutes. On the underside plates (plastron) there are distinctive black lines or seams.
These turtles are found in the inland slow-moving freshwater habitats such as swamps, dams, and lakes of eastern Australia, from northern Queensland to Victoria. They prefer a soft, sandy bottom and will bask on logs or rocks during the day.
When it feels threatened, this turtle will emit an offensive smelling fluid from its musk glands. This trait gives the turtle one of its other common names, "stinker."
The common snake-neck turtle is carnivorous, eating a variety of animals. This includes insects, worms, tadpoles, frogs, small fish, crustaceans, and molluscs.
In early summer, the female will lay between 2 and 10 eggs in the banks of her aquatic habitat. Three to five months later the hatchlings break out of their shells. These young turtles often fall prey to predators such as fish and birds. Females will lay 1 to 3 clutches of eggs per year.
Pink Floyd were an English rock band from Cambridge. The band initially earned recognition for their psychedelic and space rock music, and--as they evolved--for their progressive rock music. Pink Floyd were known for philosophical lyrics, sonic experimentation, innovative album cover art, and elaborate live shows. One of rock music's most successful acts, the group have sold over 200 million albums worldwide including 74.5 million albums in the United States alone. Pink Floyd influenced progressive rock artists of the 1970s such as Genesis and Yes; and contemporary artists such as Nine Inch Nails and Dream Theater.
Pink Floyd had moderate mainstream success and were one of the most popular bands in the London underground music scene in the late 1960s as a psychedelic band led by Syd Barrett; however, Barrett's erratic behaviour eventually forced his colleagues to replace him with guitarist and singer David Gilmour. After Barrett's departure, singer and bass player Roger Waters gradually became the dominant and driving force in the group by the late-1970s, until his eventual departure from the group in 1985. The band recorded several albums, achieving worldwide success with The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977), and The Wall (1979).
In 1985, Waters declared Pink Floyd "a spent force", but the remaining members, led by Gilmour, continued recording and touring under the name Pink Floyd. Waters sued them for the name and eventually they reached a settlement out of court, under which Gilmour, Mason and Wright would continue as Pink Floyd. They again enjoyed worldwide success with A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987) and The Division Bell (1994). Waters performed with the band for the first time in 24 years on 2 July 2005 at the London Live 8 concert. This concert was one of the most amazing in the whole world. If you missed out on seeing it, then you missed out on one of the single most amazing events ever.
Opera is an art in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work (called an opera) which combines a text (libretto) and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble. Sydney Opera House, Australia. Built in 1973, and now an icon of modern architecture. Sydney Opera House, Australia. Built in 1973, and now an icon of modern architecture. Opera started in Italy at the end of the 16th century (Jacopo Peri's lost Dafne, produced in Florence about 1597) and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Schütz in Germany, Lully in France, and Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. However, in the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, except France, attracting foreign composers such as Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his "reform" operas in the 1760s. . . .
The orchestral score of Porgy and Bess
The orchestral score of Porgy and Bess Porgy and Bess is an opera, first performed in 1935, with music by George Gershwin, libretto by DuBose Heyward, and lyrics by Ira Gershwin and DuBose Heyward. It was based on DuBose Heyward's novel Porgy and the play of the same name that he co-wrote with his wife Dorothy Heyward. All three works deal with African American life in the fictitious Catfish Row (based on the real-life Cabbage Row) in Charleston, South Carolina, in the early 1920s.
Originally conceived by Gershwin as an "American folk opera," Porgy and Bess premiered in New York in the fall of 1935 and featured an entire cast of classically trained African-American singers—a daring and visionary artistic choice at the time. Incorporating a wealth of blues and jazz idioms into the classical art form of opera, Gershwin considered it his finest work, but it was not widely accepted in the United States as a legitimate opera until 1976 when the Houston Grand Opera production of his complete score (followed nine years later by its Metropolitan Opera premiere) established it as an artistic triumph. The work is now considered part of the standard operatic repertoire and is regularly performed internationally. Despite this success, the opera has been controversial; some, from the outset, have considered it racist. Archive •
Superman is a fictional comic book superhero widely considered to be one of the most recognized of such characters and an American cultural icon. Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born artist Joe Shuster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland, Ohio, and sold to Detective Comics, Inc. in 1938, the character first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 30, 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, television programs, films, newspaper strips, and video games. With the success of his adventures, Superman helped to create the superhero genre and establish its primacy within the American comic book. The character's appearance is distinctive and iconic: a red, blue and yellow costume, complete with cape, like a circus costume, with a stylized "S" shield on his chest. This shield is now typically used across media to symbolize the character.
The origin story of Superman relates that he was born Kal-El on the planet Krypton, before being rocketed to Earth as an infant by his scientist father Jor-El, moments before Krypton's destruction. Discovered and adopted by a Kansas farmer and his wife, the child is raised as Clark Kent and imbued with a strong moral compass. Very early he started to display superhuman abilities, which upon reaching maturity he resolved to use for the benefit of humanity.
While referred to less than flatteringly as "the big blue Boy Scout" by some of his fellow superheroes, Superman is hailed as "The Man of Steel," "The Man of Tomorrow," and "The Last Son of Krypton" by the general public within the comics. As Clark Kent, Superman lives among humans as a "mild-mannered reporter" for the Metropolis newspaper Daily Planet (Daily Star in the earliest stories). There he works alongside reporter Lois Lane, with whom he is romantically linked. This relationship has been consummated by marriage on numerous occasions across various media, and the union is now firmly established within the mainstream comics continuity.
The character's supporting cast, powers, and trappings have slowly expanded throughout the years. Superman's backstory was altered to allow for adventures as Superboy, and other survivors of Krypton were created, including Supergirl and Krypto the Superdog. In addition, Superman has been licensed and adapted into a variety of media, from radio to television and film. The motion picture Superman Returns was released in 2006, with a performance at the international box office which exceeded expectations. In the seven decades since Superman's debut, the character has been revamped and updated several times.
A significant overhaul occurred in 1986, when John Byrne revamped and retconned the character, reducing Superman's powers and erasing several characters from the canon, in a move that attracted media attention. Press coverage was again garnered in the 1990s with The Death of Superman, a storyline which saw the character killed and later restored to life.
Superman has fascinated scholars, with cultural theorists, commentators, and critics alike exploring the character's impact and role in the United States and the rest of the world. Umberto Eco discussed the mythic qualities of the character in the early 1960s, and Larry Niven has pondered the implications of a sexual relationship the character might enjoy with Lois Lane. The character's ownership has often been the subject of dispute, with Siegel and Shuster twice suing for the return of legal ownership. The copyright is again currently in dispute, with changes in copyright law allowing Siegel's wife and daughter to claim a share of the copyright, a move DC parent company Warner Bros. disputes.
War is an international relations dispute, characterized by organized violence between national military units. In his seminal work, On War, Carl Von Clausewitz calls war the “continuation of political intercourse, carried on with other means.” War is an interaction in which two or more militaries have a “struggle of wills”.When qualified as a civil war, it is a dispute inherent to a given society, and its nature is in the conflict over state governance rather than sovereignty. War is not murder or genocide because of the usually organized nature of the military's participation in the struggle, and the organized nature of units involved.
War is also a cultural entity, and its practice is not linked to any single type of political organisation or society. Rather, as discussed by John Keegan in his “History Of Warfare”, war is a universal phenomenon whose form and scope is defined by the society that wages it. The conduct of war extends along a continuum, from the almost universal tribal warfare that began well before recorded human history, to wars between city states, nations, or empires.
A group of combatants and their support is called an army on land, a navy at sea, and air force in the air. Wars may be prosecuted simultaneously in one or more different theatres. Within each theatre, there may be one or more consecutive military campaigns. A military campaign includes not only fighting but also intelligence, troop movements, supplies, propaganda, and other components. Continuous conflict is traditionally called a battle, although this terminology is not always fed to conflicts involving aircraft, missiles or bombs alone, in the absence of ground troops or naval forces. A civil war is the use of force to resolve internal differences.
War is not limited to the human species; the ant and the chimpanzee, and perhaps other animals, engage in massive intra-species conflicts which might be termed warfare.
Christian Abbiati (born July 8, 1977 in Abbiategrasso, Milan) is an Italian football goalkeeper who plays for Italian Serie A club A.C. Milan.
Club career
Having began his footballing career at the age of 13, for Trezzano and Assago, he moved to Corsico and in 1996 secured a move to Monza. He transferred to A.C. Milan in summer 1998. His debut in Serie A for came on January 17, 1999 as a 92nd-minute substitute for Sebastiano Rossi. Since then, he became Milan's first choice goalkeeper for four years, until he lost his starting spot to backup Dida early in the 2002-2003 season after picking up an injury during a Champions League qualifying match in August 2002. Dida's top form effectively ground Abbiati's playing time to a halt.
On August 25, 2004, a brief controversy surfaced when an editorial criticizing Dida and Milan coach Carlo Ancelotti appeared on Abbiati's official website, stating that Dida had made mistakes in a friendly against U.C. Sampdoria and that Ancelotti was blocking a move that would have sent Abbiati to Palermo. Abbiati strongly denied that he'd written the piece and said that it had been posted by his webmaster. "I never speak to the person who looks after my site. I would never judge one of my teammates." Though his webmaster claimed responsibility for the article, speculation nonetheless arose that it had been actually penned by Abbiati due to his frustration of warming the bench.
Abbiati literally played all of thirty seconds in Milan's 2004-05 Champions League campaign, when he came on as a substitute in the 74th minute after Dida had been struck by a flare thrown from the crowd during the quarterfinal second leg against Inter Milan, which was ultimately suspended less than a minute later. His last match in a Milan uniform came on May 20, 2005 in a 3-3 home draw with Palermo, a match that saw the starters rested for the upcoming CL final.
He later announced his desire to move to another club in order to contend for the #1 spot and was therefore loaned to Genoa for the 2005-06 season, but he immediately returned to Milan after Genoa were relegated to Serie C1 due to a match-fixing scandal. He was soon on the move again, as he was shipped to Juventus as a temporary replacement for incumbent Gianluigi Buffon, who had suffered a dislocated shoulder during the Luigi Berlusconi Trophy match against Milan in August 2005. With long-awaited regular playing time at his disposal, he flourished with the Bianconeri, but when Buffon returned to the starting lineup six months later, Abbiati's services were no longer needed, and he left at the end of the season for another Turin squad when Milan loaned him to Torino F.C. in July 2006.
Despite expressing his desire to stay for another season, he and Torino ultimately parted ways due to a salary dispute. He was once again loaned out by Milan for the third time in three seasons, this time to Spanish club Atlético Madrid until June 2008. He began the season on the bench until an injury to incumbent Leo Franco put him in the starting lineup. On December 29, he expressed interest in staying with Atlético beyond the '07-08 season. "My adaptation has gone better than I expected. I am happy at this club because they have helped me so much. I like playing in Spain and I think I will learn a lot during the time that I have left here." He left after being called back by Milan for the 2008-09 season.
Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products. Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular weight, and may contain other substances to improve performance or reduce costs.
The word derives from the Greek πλαστικός (plastikos), "fit for molding", from πλαστός (plastos) "molded" . It refers to their malleability, or plasticity during manufacture, that allows them to be cast, pressed, or extruded into an enormous variety of shapes—such as films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, and much more. The word is also commonly used an adjective with the sense of "made of plastic" (e.g. "plastic cup", "plastic tubing").
The common word "plastic" should not be confused with the technical adjective "plastic", which is applied to any material which undergoes a permanent change of shape (a "plastic deformation") when strained beyond a certain point. Aluminum, for instance, is "plastic" in this sense, but not "a plastic" in the common sense; while some plastics, in their finished forms, will break before deforming—and therefore are not "plastic" in the technical sense.
Overview
Plastics can be classified by their chemical structure, namely the molecular units that make up the polymer's backbone and side chains. Some important groups in these classifications are the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics. Plastics can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, e.g. as condensation, polyaddition, cross-linking, etc.
Other classifications are based on qualities that are relevant for manufacturing or product design. Examples of such classes are the thermoplastic and thermoset, elastomer, structural, biodegradable, electrically conductive, etc. Plastics can also be ranked by various physical properties, such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, resistance to various chemical products, etc.
Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships. They have already displaced many traditional materials—such as wood, stone, horn and bone, leather, paper, metal, glass and ceramic—in most of their former uses.
The use of plastics is constrained chiefly by their organic chemistry, which seriously limits their hardness, density, and their ability to resist heat, organic solvents, oxidation, and ionizing radiation. In particular, most plastics will melt or decompose when heated to a few hundred celsius. While plastics can be made electrically conductive to some extent, they are still no match for metals like copper or aluminum. Plastics are still too expensive to replace wood, concrete and ceramic in bulky items like ordinary buildings, bridges, dams, pavement, railroad ties, etc.
Assalamualaikum n good day,today i would like to share a joke story about three wishes,the story begin with a little old lady was in the kitchen one day, washing the dishes when suddenly a little genie appeared beside her.
"You've led a long and good life" the genie said, "I have come to reward you by granting you three wishes. Ask for anything you want and I will make it happen."
The old lady was surprised but cynical. Not really believing that anything would happen she decided to play along for a minute. "Ok" she said, "turn all those dirty dishes into money." With that there was a big Poof! and the dishes had turned into a big pile of cash.
"My" said the old lady, staggered that it had actually worked, "Perhaps you could make me look young and beautiful again?" There was another big poof and the woman now looked lots younger and was very good looking. Excitedly she carried on, "Can you turn my dear old cat into a handsome young man?"
Once more there was a big Poof, and the cat was replaced by a handsome young man. Smiling devilishly she turned to the young man and said "At last! Now I want to make love with you for the rest of the day and all night too!"
The young man just looked at her for moment then replied in a high pitched voice, "Well you should have thought about that before you took me to the vet's shouldn't you!"...this is my story that i was read on internet a few days ago.
Sudoku listen is a logic-based number-placement puzzle. The objective is to fill a 9×9 grid so that each column, each row, and each of the nine 3×3 boxes (also called blocks or regions) contains the digits from 1 to 9 only one time each. The puzzle setter provides a partially completed grid.
Completed Sudoku puzzles are usually a type of Latin square with an additional constraint on the contents of individual regions. Leonhard Euler is sometimes incorrectly cited as the source of the puzzle, based on his related work with Latin squares.
The modern puzzle was invented by an American architect, Howard Garns, in 1979 and published by Dell Magazines under the name "Number Place". It became popular in Japan in 1986, after it was published by Nikoli and given the name Sudoku, meaning single number.It became an international hit in 2005.
The name Sudoku or "Sūji wa dokushin ni kagiru", meaning "the numbers must be single", or "the numbers must occur only once".The name is a trademark of puzzle publisher Nikoli Co. Ltd. in Japan. Other Japanese publishers refer to the puzzle as Number Place, the original U.S. title, or as "Nanpure" for short. Some publishers spell the title as "Su Doku".
The numerals in Sudoku puzzles are used for convenience; arithmetic relationships between numerals are irrelevant. Any set of distinct symbols will do, such as letters, shapes, or colours. In fact, ESPN published Sudoku puzzles substituting the positions on a baseball field for the numbers 1 through 9, while Viz magazine has published a Doctor Who version of the game, using images of the television series' first nine leading actors in place of the numerals. Dell Magazines, the puzzle's originator, has been using numerals for Number Place in its magazines since they first published it in 1979.
Puppy love is an informal term for feelings of love, particularly between young people during adolescence, so-called for its resemblance to the adoring, worshipful affection that may be felt by a puppy. The term is often used in a derogatory fashion, describing emotions which are shallow and transient in comparison to other forms of love such as romantic love.
Another use of the term (also commonly described as a "crush"), can be used to describe the love or lust of a child or adolescent for an adult. For example, a student being attracted to his or her teacher could be considered puppy love. The term may meet with resistance from some people as patronizing and belittling of genuine emotion.
During Elizabethan times, it was known as calf love. A prominent example can be found in William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, in which a young man, Romeo Montague, is infatuated with a girl named Rosaline before finding true love with Juliet Capulet. In the second act, Romeo is chastised by his friend Friar Laurence, who claims his new love for Juliet illuminates the shallow nature of his feelings toward Rosaline.
A blind date is a date where the people involved have not met each other previously. The match could have been arranged by mutual friends or by a dating system.
Blind dates are becoming more commonplace following the rise of the Internet, when people who have met in chatrooms, Instant Messaging or forums finally agree to meet in person. Afterwards, they go to a place where they can have time to talk and get to know one another. This type of date may not be considered 'blind' by everyone however, since the people have already communicated with each other.
Dating coaches advise people meeting on a blind date to avoid a restaurant for the first meeting. They encourage a location such as a botanical garden, art gallery, park, promenade or an open-air concert which is any location that gives the couple the opportunity to talk, move around and provides something interesting to refer to during awkward silences.
Another recommendation is to engage in "airplane talk" casual conversation about each other's backgrounds, hobbies, interests and careers (don't dwell on any one subject for too long), and other topics that tell something about each other , but don't reveal information that should be reserved for someone you know well.
Some conversation starters - conversation that will help each one learn a little bit about each other's values and way of thinking, and will also form the basis for more conversation on the second date: Who do you most admire? How did they inspire you? What has been the most satisfying achievement of your life? Is there something you've always dreamt about doing? What is your most treasured possession, and why?
Stage fright or performance anxiety refers to an anxiety, fear or persistent phobia related to performance in front of an audience or camera. In the context of public speaking, this is known as glossophobia, one of the most common phobias. This form of anxiety can precede or accompany participation in any activity involving public self-presentation.
Often the term "stage fright" or topophobia is conflated with glossophobia, a fear of speaking in public. Jugglers and mimes are the simplest examples of the difference in notions.
Performance anxiety is also observed in athletes and musicians. In the latter case it is interpreted as a fear to underperform (in view of the actual public or implied publicity).
Quite often stage fright arises in a mere anticipation of a performance, often long time ahead. It has numerous manifestations: fluttering or pounding heart, tremor in hands and legs, diarrhea, facial nerve tics, dry mouth.
Stage fright may be observed in people of all experience and background, from beginners to professionals. Some musicians use beta blockers to avoid stage fright during auditions, and performances.In other cases, performers use alcoholic beverages to ease their stage fright. There have been many cases in which this habit has led to alcoholism.
A single parent (also lone parent and sole parent) is a parent who cares for one or more children without the assistance of another parent in the home. The legal definition of "single parenthood" may vary according to the local laws of different nations or regions.
Single parenthood may occur for a variety of reasons. It could be opted for by the parent (as in divorce, adoption, artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood, or extramarital pregnancy), or be the result of an unforeseeable occurrence (such as death or abandonment by one parent).
The living and parenting arrangements of single parents are diverse. A number live in households with family or other adults. When parents separate, one party usually parents for the majority of the time but most continue to share parenting to some extent with the other parent.
Single parenthood is a stage of life rather than a lifelong family form. Many re-partner and form a stepfamily.
Most single parents are female. In the past few years there are more men heading single parent families. 2 million households in the US are headed by unmarried fathers.
In 2003, 14% of all Australian households were single-parent families. Since 2001, 31% of babies born in Australia were born to unmarried mothers. (Many of these mothers may not be single parents, as they may simply live with their supportive partners without getting formally married.)
In the United Kingdom, there are 1.9 million single parents as of 2005, with 3.1 million children. About 1 out of 4 families with dependent children are single-parent families. According to a survey done by the United Kingdom, 9% of single parents in the UK are fathers, UK poverty figures show that 47% of single parent families are below the Government-defined poverty line (after housing costs).
Arranged marriage (also called prearranged marriage) is a marriage arranged by someone other than the persons getting married, curtailing or avoiding the process of courtship. Such marriages are common in the Middle East,[citation needed] and South Asia.[citation needed] Other groups that practice this custom include the Unification Movement, and royal families.
The match could be selected by parents, a matchmaking agent, matrimonial site, or a trusted third party. In many communities, priests or religious leaders as well as relatives or family friends play a major role in matchmaking.
The pattern of arranged marriage can be employed for other reasons besides the formation of a promising new family unit. In such marriages, typically economic or legal reasons take precedence over the goal of selecting a well-matched couple. Though critics are not always specific, criticism of arranged marriage usually targets abuses such as forced marriage and child marriage.
*In a "forced marriage" the parents choose their son's or daughter's future spouse with no input from their son or daughter. This form of arranged marriage is rare in the modern Western world, but not quite as rare in some other parts of the world. Occasionally, even if the son or daughter disapproves of the choice, the marriage takes place regardless, overriding their objections. In some societies, in order to ensure cooperation the parents may threaten the child with punishment, or in rare cases, disinheritance and death. Motivating factors for such a marriage tend to be social or economic. For example the interests of the family or community goals served by the marriage are seen as paramount, and the preference of the individual is considered insignificant.
*In a "child marriage" children, or even infants, are married. The married children often live apart with their respective families until well after puberty. Child marriages are typically made for economic or political reasons. In rural India and several other countries, the requirement of providing a dowry for daughters is generally acknowledged to be a contributing factor to female infanticide.
*In a "shotgun wedding" the groom is forced to marry the bride due to unplanned pregnancy (or other reasons). It is given this colloquial name from the traditional method of force used: holding a shotgun to the groom's head until he is married. This can also be classified as a forced marriage. Although it is worth noting that the concept came about before the invention of the shotgun. Laws of Old Testament Israel said that if an unmarried couple engages in extramarital sex the female can force the man to marry her or pay a fine. A reason is never given in the text, but it is likely predicated on the text's specification that the woman was a virgin; no longer being a virgin, it would be difficult for her to find a marriage, and so her sexual partner must marry her to provide for her well-being. Alternatively, it could be based on family honor, as it was shameful for her to have had relations without being married, and it would be all the more shameful if she had a child out of wedlock.
Coercion to marry is commonly considered a violation of fundamental human rights in most Western societies, primarily because of its usurpation of a choice that, in most Western thought, belongs solely to the individuals involved. People can "find themselves stuck in marriages with persons decidedly not of their own choosing whom they may find personally repulsive."
A further condemnation of the practice of arranging marriage for economic reasons comes from Edlund and Lagerlöf (2004) who argued that a love marriage is more effective for the promotion of accumulation of wealth and societal growth.
Teenage movie “KAMI” follows a group of five friends as they squeeze in as much fun and reckless abandonment on their road to self-discovery before entering a new stage in their lives – higher education.
Lynn is a form five student who juggles her studies while helping her mother at their food stall and hangs out with Ali,Abu, Sofie, and Adii. Although they have made her part of their circle, Lynn is holding back a dark past from her buddies. Unknown to them Lynn and her mother had moved from their small town home to start afresh in the city away from a persistent small-time drug dealer, Boy, whom Lynn used to run errands for to gain extra pocket money.
To complicate matters, Lynn writes under the pseudonym Teka Teki for her own, well known fanzine called KAMI and has recently contributed a scathing write-up on Ali’s band in a local music magazine.
As she struggles to keep her secrets under wraps, Lynn soon learns that they are all hiding something from each other.
The story kicks off with Abu’s escape from a juvie home and his reunion with Ali to celebrate the girls’ final paper and the last day of SPM exams marking the end of high school and the beginning of their journey to taking their first steps in making life altering decisions.
But soon their freewheeling post-SPM break is interrupted when Lynn ’s old life catches up with her new life and the two worlds collide, setting off a chain of events that will force all of them to face their personal demons, changing their lives forever.
Once there was a very poor and devoted woman who always prayed to the Glory of God, asking very little, if anything for herself. But one thought, one desire continued to recur and finally she asked: petitioning the Lord, that if it were possible she would love to prepare a special meal and have God share at her table. And God, in His Love for this goodly woman, said He would indeed come the next day and share a meal.
Filled with ecstasy, the woman went out the following morning with her meager purse and purchased such delicacies that she felt would please the Lord.
Returning home, she prepared a banquet and waited patiently for her most honored guest. Soon there was a knock on the door, and when she opened it, there stood an old beggar asking for something to eat. Being a woman of God, she could not turn the beggar away, so she invited him in to partake of her table. The beggar felt as if he was in a dream - such a feast set before him. He finished all the food, thanked his hostess and left.
The woman was only slightly disheartened, she gathered up her purse, her coat, and hurried back to town to get more food for her special guest. Her funds were less now and so the food was not quite so elaborate. Nonetheless, she lovingly prepared another meal and sat to await the arrival of the Almighty.
A few hours went by and there was a loud knock on the door. This time it was an old gypsy woman with no teeth, who was deaf, who spoke quite loudly and was, rather rudely, insisting that any true believer in the Lord would not deny her something to eat.
Though the woman had no more money with which to buy more supplies, she invited the woman in and offered her a seat at the table. The gypsy ate everything, did not even thank the woman and left without closing the door.
By now it was beginning to get dark both inside and out. The woman's faith was strong, so that, though somewhat distraught, she did not give up, but rather, looked around her humble house to see if there was anything she could sell in order to buy more food to set before the Lord.
She hurried to town with a little silver cup that had been in her family for several generations, but she was willing to part with it for the great honor that God was going to bestow on her - the sharing of a meal.
Late in the night she rushed home to prepare yet a third meal. She waited and waited until, once more, there was a knock on the door. Holding her breath, she slowly opened the door to find yet another poor man in the guise of a wandering monk, in search of a meal.
Again, she offered hospitality, with as much grace as she could muster in her disappointment. This man also ate all that was set on the table and left after blessing the woman for her kindness. So discouraged and dismayed was she that all she could do was nod slightly, in acknowledgment of the thanks.
Now it was too late, with no way to buy any more food and no more money with which to buy it. She got down on her knees, weeping such heart-broken tears. She asked God what she had done wrong. Why had God not come to share at the table as He had promised?
And God, in all His Divine Compassion and Mercy, lifted the woman off her knees, and holding her close to His Heart, said, "My child, I enjoyed your hospitality so much that I came three times!"
There was a boy in India who was sent by his parents to a boarding school. Before being sent away this boy was the brightest student in his class. He was at the top in every competition. He was a champion.
But the boy changed after leaving home and attending the boarding school. His grades started dropping. He hated being in a group. He was lonely all the time. And there were especially dark times when he felt like committing suicide. All of this because he felt worthless and that no one loved him.
His parents started worrying about the boy. But even they did not know what was wrong with him. So his dad decided to travel to the boarding school and talk with him.
They sat on the bank of the lake near the school. The father started asking him casual questions about his classes, teachers and sports. After some time his dad said, 'Do you know son, why I am here today?"
The boy answered back, "to check my grades?"
"No, no" his dad replied, "I am here to tell you that you are the most important person for me. I want to see you happy. I don't care about grades. I care about you. I care about your happiness. YOU ARE MY LIFE."
These words caused the boy's eyes to fill with tears. He hugged his dad. They didn't say anything to each other for a long time.
Now the boy had everything he wanted. He knew there was someone on this earth who cared for him deeply. He meant the world to someone. And today this young man is in college at the top of his class and no one has ever seen him sad!
Many years ago three soldiers, hungry and weary of battle, came upon a small village. The villagers, suffering a meager harvest and the many years of war, quickly hid what little they had to eat and met the three at the village square, wringing their hands and bemoaning the lack of anything to eat.
The soldiers spoke quietly among themselves and the first soldier then turned to the village elders. "Your tired fields have left you nothing to share, so we will share what little we have: the secret of how to make soup from stones."
Naturally the villagers were intrigued and soon a fire was put to the town's greatest kettle as the soldiers dropped in three smooth stones. "Now this will be a fine soup", said the second soldier; "but a pinch of salt and some parsley would make it wonderful!" Up jumped a villager, crying "What luck! I've just remembered where some's been left!" And off she ran, returning with an apronful of parsley and a turnip. As the kettle boiled on, the memory of the village improved: soon barley, carrots, beef and cream had found their way into the great pot, and a cask of wine was rolled into the square as all sat down to feast.
They ate and danced and sang well into the night, refreshed by the feast and their new-found friends. In the morning the three soldiers awoke to find the entire village standing before them. At their feet lay a satchel of the village's best breads and cheese. "You have given us the greatest of gifts: the secret of how to make soup from stones", said an elder, "and we shall never forget." The third soldier turned to the crowd, and said: "There is no secret, but this is certain: it is only by sharing that we may make a feast". And off the soldiers wandered, down the road.
notes-"The miracle is this - the more we share, the more we have."
Every once in awhile someone sends us a story that's so beautiful we are forever changed by it. This is one of those stories.
It started in Winchester, Massachusetts, 43 years ago, when Rick Hoyt was born. Somehow his umbilical cord became wrapped around his neck, leaving him brain-damaged and unable to control his limbs.
The doctors told Rick's parents that he would be a vegetable for the rest of his life. But Dick Hoyt, Rick's father, didn't believe it. He noticed the way Rick's eyes followed him around the room.
When Rick was 11 they took him to the engineering department at Tufts University and asked if there was anything to help the boy communicate. "No way,'' Dick says he was told. "There's nothing going on in his brain.''
"Tell him a joke,'' Dick countered. They did. Rick laughed.
Turns out a lot was going on in his brain. Rigged up with a computer that allowed him to control the cursor by touching a switch with the side of his head, Rick was finally able to communicate. First words? "Go Bruins!''
And after a high school classmate was paralyzed in an accident and the school organized a charity run for him, Rick pecked out, "Dad, I want to do that.''
Yeah, right. How was Dick, a self-described "porker'' who never ran more than a mile at a time, going to push his son five miles? Still, he tried. "Then it was me who was handicapped,'' Dick says. "I was sore for two weeks.''
That day changed Rick's life. "Dad,'' he typed, "when we were running, it felt like I wasn't disabled anymore!''
And that sentence changed Dick's life. He became obsessed with giving Rick that feeling as often as he could. He got into such hard-belly shape that he and Rick were ready to try the 1979 Boston Marathon.
"No way,'' Dick was told by a race official. The Hoyt's weren't quite a single runner, and they weren't quite a wheelchair competitor. So, for the first few years, Dick and Rick just joined the massive field and ran anyway.
Later, they would find a way to get into the race officially: In 1983 they ran another marathon so fast they made the qualifying time for Boston the following year.
Then somebody said, "Hey, Dick, why not a triathlon?''
How's a guy who never learned to swim and hadn't ridden a bike since he was six going to haul his 110-pound kid through a triathlon?
Still, Dick tried.
Now they've done 212 triathlons, including four grueling 15-hour Ironman Competitions in Hawaii.
This year, at ages 65 and 43, Dick and Rick finished their 24th Boston Marathon, in 5,083rd place out of more than 20,000 starters. Their best time? Two hours, 40 minutes in 1992 - only 35 minutes off the world record, which, in case you don't keep track of these things, happens to be held by a guy who was not pushing another man in a wheelchair at the time.
Judging from the kind of mail we get at Men's Health from men seeking relationship advice, I can tell you this definitively about men: When a man falls for a woman, he falls hard. Men love to be in love. While men often get stereotyped as single-minded sex-seekers, the truth is that a man's stomach churns like a slushy machine when he's in those initial stages of the perfect relationship.
When you consider that half of men say that they're currently not with their soul mates, that means a heck of a lot of slushy machines are waiting to be turned on. What are they waiting for? What makes a man fall in love? After you rule out the obvious intangible laws of chemistry, attraction, and being in the right place at the right time that kick-start many a relationship, I think the question really becomes this: What makes a man fall -- and stay -- in love? About 60 percent of men deem friendship the most important thing in a relationship (sex comes in at a skimpy 8 percent, according to a national Harris Interactive poll), but let's delve a little deeper. What exactly does that mean, and what kind of woman does a man really want? With full acknowledgement that men's tastes in women are as unpredictable as the plotline of "24," these are some of things that many men value in "the one."
A Woman with a Passion in Something Other Than Him
Yes, it's nice to be doted over. Yes, it's nice to be pampered. Yes, it's nice to be with a woman who showers you with compliments, neck kisses, and all of her attention. But there's a virtual Great Wall of China between a fleeting, flirtatious glance and the kind of attraction that can last a lifetime. Many men say they like a woman who's immersed in something else other than the relationship -- be it her work, or her sport, or whatever her "thing" is. Why? The passion she shows for something else confirms her inherent goodness, her personal drive, her independence. All pluses in the woman we're hoping to spend a few decades with.
A Woman with No Problem with Guy Time
Every relationship has to choreograph the time-together dance. Once a couple elevates from casual to serious, it goes through that period when most waking and sleeping minutes are spent together. But at some point in the dance, one person will call a time out from the music of coupledom, and try to spend more time with his or her friends -- while still being careful not to step on any feet in the process. Even when they're with the most perfect woman, men still crave the occasional space to spend golfing or drinking or doing whatever (64 percent of men are happy to have the time to themselves when their wives or girlfriends have plans). Men love, appreciate, and are thankful for women who respect and endorse (and not complain about) his need to have a few testosterone mixers. Don't worry, March Madness will be over in just a few weeks!
A Woman with a Strut
Her strut in the bar may have been part of his initial attraction. The strut from the bedroom to the bathroom after the first night together may have been pure visual ecstasy. But the strut that happens day in and day out is one of the major attractors for a man. What do I mean by the strut? It's that attitude, that sassiness, that confidence, that charisma, that charm that shows she can be a little bold and little daring. In a recent post I talked about the line between a woman being confident and a woman being so aggressive that she turns men away, but the truth is that in certain aspects of relationships, men want women who have the strut. Men want to be with women who challenge them, who push them, and who take the lead some of the times. And that's as true in the bedroom as it is in planning their next weekend getaway. The danger? While it can be insanely attractive, that strut of confidence can also swing a man 180 degrees -- if she uses it in other places, like to flirt with other guys, to become a relationship dictator, or to pick a fight with his mom in front of the whole family. He'll point that kind of strut right out the door.
A Woman with a Good Taste in Ties
Okay, so we don't really care about the ties per se. But what we care about is a woman's ability to give us a little-and this is a key word-gentle guidance. I know Freudian followers will say that it's a man's need to be mothered, but it's more than that. Every relationship is a give and take, and guys will definitely take women who can warn us when our new soul patch looks stupid, who can guide us to the perfect suit and shirt combo for an upcoming job interview, who can help them make decisions without being harsh or judgmental. Guys like to project that they know what they're doing and that they don't need any help. Women who can help steer us, without aggressively grabbing the wheel, are the most treasured copilots.
Have your own ideas about what makes us fall -- and fall hard? Share them here.
How do you know if you are dating a cheater? You don't need to be a private eye to suss out these warning signs:
1. Revived Interest in Appearance: If your partner suddenly undergoes a makeover of sorts, in which he spends much more time on his appearance, it could mean that he is trying to impress someone new. If he all of the sudden ditches his old khakis and sweats for something more stylish, it might be because he is trying to look his best for a new woman.
2. Missing in Action: If there are large periods in which your partner is absent and unaccounted for, it could be because there are mischievous motives behind his AWOL behavior. Whether it is a run to the corner store that takes over an hour, or whether he is constantly "working late," a missing husband could mean something sinister.
3. Mysterious Texts or Phone Calls: If you notice mysterious texts or phone calls on your phone bill, or if your husband tries to hide the phone bill or his cell phone from you, it might mean that there is a new love interest in the rafters. Additionally, if he spends more time on the computer, or tries to hide the screen he was looking at when you walk in the room, this is a good indicator that he might be philandering via the worldwide web.
Of course, the best way to discover what your partner is up to behind your back is to communicate openly and honestly with him. Share your fears regarding his fidelity and try to discuss the matter before you go crazy with worry. Remember, things are not always as they seem!
If you discover that your partner has been unfaithful, find out how to Repair After an Affair.
In relationships, couples tend to take on certain roles. One of the most popular roles is that of a victim. Typical victim behavior includes pouting, sulking, running away from arguments, refusing to make decisions or take responsibility for situations, and adding more to one's to-do list in order to feel like a martyr.
What happens in relationships in which there is a victim? It creates a need for the other partner to respond to this behavior in one of two ways. He can either be the villain (the person who is causing the victim to cry, sulk, etc.) or he can be the hero (the person who is trying to comfort the often inconsolable victim). Neither situation is preferable, because when you get to the bottom of it, it is all roleplay. (And not the good kind!)
When you act insincerely in your relationship, such as by crying and refusing to reveal why, acting weaker than truly are, or causing a scene just for the attention and drama it creates, you are cheating you and your partner out of an authentic, lasting connection.
Like the boy who cried wolf, a partner who always cries victim soon becomes an untrustworthy source and her needs fall on deaf ears. Meanwhile, her partner is stuck internalizing all of the negative feedback, sometimes to the point that he actually does act out the villainous behavior of which he has been accused.
What's the lesson here? The next time your partner lets you down or makes you angry, don't embrace it as an opportunity to take the stage and play the victim. Instead, give your feedback maturely and authentically. If you want to cry and yell, go ahead. But just make sure it is coming from your real emotions, and not from a need for melodrama.
There is also the fiber factor in eating vegetables. Because of the high levels of fiber in vegetables, the digestive system can remain healthier and more toned. Just like your body’s muscles, the digestive system needs to remain sleek and able to process foods. When you eat more fiber, the insides of your digestive system can remain clear and healthy, allowing you to avoid issues with constipation and irregularity, not to mention colon cancers and polyps.
When you want to avoid animal products, you have to make sure that you are eating vegetables in order to get the protein that you’re lacking. By combining vegetables in your meals, you will be able to consume the essential amino acids that your body needs to survive. A simple meal of spinach, beans, and whole grain rice is a great way to treat your body right.
Vegetables also contain high levels of water in their structures, which allows them to be generally fat free and low in calories. This is a great asset for those that are watching their calories and want to lose weight. Combined with the fiber, eating vegetables also tends to make a person feel fuller for longer, and curbs unnecessary snacking.
Comments: vegetables contain fibres which assist in the maintaining of digestive system. you need to eat vegetables to have enough amount of protein in your body. other than that eating vegetables also can help you to avoid overweight. thank you...
Last Friday on 17 oct 2008, I went to SK Batu Tiga with my raksi group members to complete our 10th module... we went there at approximately 8 o'clock in the morning. My partner in that raksi activity is Mohd. Safwan from Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering. We need to facilitate 10 students whom are consist of standard 5 and 6. Our first activity was introducing ourselves to the students in an interesting way. Then, we instructed them to do their group logo that must be consist of square, circle, and triangle shape only... and our group name was finally decided as sebati... hmmm... that was a wonderful experience with school student doing activities.. later we got to go back early at 10am just because the students have to do their rehearsal for their sports day which will be held on the next day. We are at UMP by 11am with sweet memories of SK Batu Tiga... THANK YOU...
DEEPAVALI or Diwali means "a row of lights". It falls on the last two days of the dark half of Kartik (October-November). For some it is a three-day festival. It commences with the Dhan-Teras, on the 13th day of the dark half of Kartik, followed the next day by the Narak Chaudas, the 14th day, and by Deepavali proper on the 15th day.
There are various alleged origins attributed to this festival. Some hold that they celebrate the marriage of Lakshmi with Lord Vishnu. In Bengal the festival is dedicated to the worship of Kali. It also commemorates that blessed day on which the triumphant Lord Rama returned to Ayodhya after defeating Ravana. On this day also Sri Krishna killed the demon Narakasura.
In South India people take an oil bath in the morning and wear new clothes. They partake of sweetmeats. They light fireworks which are regarded as the effigies of Narakasura who was killed on this day. They greet one another, asking, "Have you had your Ganges bath?" which actually refers to the oil bath that morning as it is regarded as purifying as a bath in the holy Ganges.
Everyone forgets and forgives the wrongs done by others. There is an air of freedom, festivity and friendliness everywhere. This festival brings about unity. It instils charity in the hearts of people. Everyone buys new clothes for the family. Employers, too, purchase new clothes for their employees.
Waking up during the Brahmamuhurta (at 4a.m.) is a great blessing from the standpoint of health, ethical discipline, efficiency in work and spiritual advancement. It is on Deepavali that everyone wakes up early in the morning. The sages who instituted this custom must have cherished the hope that their descendents would realise its benefits and make it a regular habit in their lives.
In a happy mood of great rejoicing village folk move about freely, mixing with one another without any reserve, all enmity being forgotten. People embrace one another with love. Deepavali is a great unifying force. Those with keen inner spiritual ears will clearly hear the voice of the sages, "O Children of God! unite, and love all". The vibrations produced by the greetings of love which fill the atmosphere are powerful enough to bring about a change of heart in every man and woman in the world. Alas! That heart has considerably hardened, and only a continuous celebration of Deepavali in our homes can rekindle in us the urgent need of turning away from the ruinous path of hatred.
On this day Hindu merchants in North India open their new account books and pray for success and prosperity during the coming year. The homes are cleaned and decorated by day and illuminated by night with earthern oil-lamps. The best and finest illuminations are to be seen in Bombay and Amritsar. The famous Golden Temple at Amritsar is lit in the evening with thousands of lamps placed all over the steps of the big tank. Vaishnavites celebrate the Govardhan Puja and feed the poor on a large scale.
O Ram! The light of lights, the self-luminous inner light of the Self is ever shining steadily in the chamber of your heart. Sit quietly. Close your eyes. Withdraw the senses. Fix the mind on this supreme light and enjoy the real Deepavali, by attaining illumination of the soul.
He who Himself sees all but whom no one beholds, who illumines the intellect, the sun, the moon and the stars and the whole universe but whom they cannot illumine, He indeed is Brahman, He is the inner Self. Celebrate the real Deepavali by living in Brahman, and enjoy the eternal bliss of the soul.
The sun does not shine there, nor do the moon and the stars, nor do lightnings shine and much less fire. All the lights of the world cannot be compared even to a ray of the inner light of the Self. Merge yourself in this light of lights and enjoy the supreme Deepavali.
Many Deepavali festivals have come and gone. Yet the hearts of the vast majority are as dark as the night of the new moon. The house is lit with lamps, but the heart is full of the darkness of ignorance. O man! wake up from the slumber of ignorance. Realise the constant and eternal light of the Soul which neither rises nor sets, through meditation and deep enquiry.
May you all attain full inner illumination! May the supreme light of lights enlighten your understanding! May you all attain the inexhaustible spiritual wealth of the Self! May you all prosper gloriously on the material as well as spiritual planes!
Tobacco smoke contain three principal dangerous chemicals: tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. Tar is a mixture of several substances (hydrocarbons) that condense into a sticky substance in the lungs. Nicotine is an addictive drug that is absorbed from the lungs and acts mainly on the nervous and cardiovascular systems. And carbon monoxide decreases the amount of oxygen that red blood cells can carry throughout the body. Consider the average smoker a person who smokes 15 to 20 cigarettes per day. Compared with nonsmoker he or she is about 14 times more likely to die from cancer of the lung, throat or mouth 4 times more likely to die from cancer of the esophagus, twice as likely to die from heart attack. Cigarettes are a principal cause of chonic bronchitis and emphysema and having a chronic lung disease increase the risks of pneumonia and heart failure. The usually minor risks of blood clots from oral contraceptives are much greater among women smokers and doctors do not usually prescribe oral contraceptives for smokers over 35 for this reason. Smoking also increases the risk of high blood pressure. Some brands of cigarettes contain less tar and nicotine than others hut there is no such things as a safe cigarette. Switching to mild cigarettes does not usually help; habitually heavy smokers usually adapt their smoking habits to the switch by inhaling longer and more deeply and by smoking more cigarettes.
Richard Wright of Pink Floyd passed away at 65 this weekend, and while of course that is a sad thing to note, I think it's worthwhile considering that bands like Pink Floyd were already considered dinosaur bands when the real Speed Limit was reacting to the punk and New Wave rebellion that was sweeping the rock world in the late 70's. I said a long time ago that I wasn't going to sit here and reminisce and marking the passing of old rock stars and lament about things gone by.
Ronnie James DeRenzo is 19 years old and full of life when this novel starts in September of 1978. In my way of thinking, I am not so much listening to the old stuff constantly as I am waiting for the next greatest thing. The way things are going, a new Green Day album aside, I don't have much to look forward to. Music these days is what the corporation wants to bring to you. If its got any rebellion and anti-corporate feel to it, its contrived by the corporation to sell to unsuspecting youth.
The Ramones were starving at CBGBs for a good long time. And it wasn't till the 80's were in full swing that REM and Blondie reached any commerical success. Back when grunge was the rave, bands did not want to sell out. People like Kurt Cobain and Eddie Vedder turned their back on the corporations for the longest time.
Now don't mistake me. I do want to make some money with this book. The way its going now it will unlikely that I can sell the three books in this series and retire comfortably. It's not because I am greedy or I have a materialistic lifestyle. I am writing this blog on a five year old Dell Dimension that was not the most expensive model when I bought it. Unlike a lot of aging millionaire rock stars, I am not driving around in a Lamborgini.
But listen here, I wouldn't live that way if I won the $200 million mega millions lottery. I am a guy who thinks seriously about living in a small cabin in the woods and reducing my carbon profile down to the minimum. If I could live on rice and beans, I would. But I have a wife and two kids, and they need all the things that a wife and two kids need in this competive world. So off to work I go, and to the mall I am scurrying lots of times.
I am sad that Richard Wright died but its been 35 years since Pink Floyd did anything meaningful. I'm 50 years old, quite a bit younger than all those dinosaur rockers. I am still down there with the 25 year olds trying to make it.
Andre Young Jr., 20, son of rap master Dr. Dre was found dead this morning. Dr. Dre appears in cameo in my second book as 40 year old Johnny Rocket's guide to new music.
A 13 year old boy named Sean Francis died on a football field last night near my ancestral home of The River.
We still don't know killed either young man.
My deepest condolences to the families at this time of grievous loss. All we can hope is that they are home with a compassionate God. And at a time like this, it is little solace.
For those of us who are studying at school or college, the time of exams is very stressful and difficult. Some people find exam time so bad they become ill, because • They are afraid of failing. • The hard work of study and revising* damages their health • They are afraid of letting their parents and family down. .
If exams are really making you ill, worried, or depressed, don't hide your feelings. Talk tosomeone about it. In some cultures, people think it is wrong to share their feelings and worries with others. But this is the only way to get help! In Britain, there is a saying, 'A problem shared is a problem halved.' So you must find someone to talk to about these problems. Maybe you can speak to a friend, or someone in your family. Or teachers at your place of study. Or a doctor. If one person doesn't help you, ask someone else. If you feel very desperate, look at our suicide page, which also gives a link to BEFRIENDERS telephone numbers in different countries. They provide someone you can talk to, in confidence. Also look at our page on fear and worry. Different people deal with exams in different ways:
Peter, 17,about to take exams in chemistry, biology and maths, says "different people deal with exams in different ways". "There is so much pressure placed on you to pass exams. I feel I would be letting my parents and my brother down if I didn't do well." His answer to the problem is: "Stay on top of the work." He recommends, "I don't just sit there and read. I try to condense (make short) my notes, by making new notes of the important points. Then I can read through it faster in the last few days." ________________________________________ Louise, 18, taking English Literature, media studies and theatre studies, says, "I revise one subject for an hour, then move to another subject for an hour, and carry on like that for as long as I can." HOW TO GET THROUGH EXAMS Here are 10 top tips by educational psychologists: 1. Get help: ask a teacher or tutor about how to revise, and exam skills - how to work when you are in an exam. 2. Take short rests during your time of work and revision. If your mind is tired, it will not remember well. 3. Plan your work: revise at times when you know you will work at your best. 4. Stay healthy: get enough sleep, eat sensibly. 5. Exercise: you need exercise to work well. Walk, run, play sport - whatever you enjoy. 6. Be positive: stop thinking about the future and failing. 7. Do your best: no-one can do more than this. 8. Be alert: if you feel ill, talk to someone about your worries. 9. But don't be too relaxed! Some stress over exams makes you work hard for them. 10. Be sensible: if it upsets you to talk to your friends about an exam when it is finished, don't do it! In fact, don't even think about the exam you have finished. What is done is done. You cannot change what you have written! To this advice, we would add: If you are studying in the evening, don't go straight to bed afterwards. Your mind will still be 'going round and round' - thinking too much. Do something else, maybe walk or get exercise. Choose something that will relax you, and make you think of other things. You do not need to face exams alone. God can help you. Search for Him. He can be a friend to you.
A crocodile is any species belonging to the family Crocodylidae (sometimes classified instead as the subfamily Crocodylinae. The term can also be used more loosely to include all members of the order Crocodilia for example the true crocodiles, the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae) and the gharials (family Gavialidae), or even the Crocodylomorpha which includes prehistoric crocodile relatives and ancestors. Crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. Crocodiles tend to congregate in freshwater habitats like rivers, lakes, wetlands and sometimes in brackish water. They feed mostly on vertebrates like fish, reptiles, and mammals, sometimes on invertebrates like mollusks and crustaceans, depending on species. They are an ancient lineage, and are believed to have changed little since the time of the dinosaurs. They are believed to be 200 million years old whereas dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago; crocodiles survived great extinction events.
Mental health refers to an individual's emotional and psychological well-being. Merriam-Webster defines mental health as "A state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society, and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life." According to the World Health Organization, there is no single "official" definition of mental health. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how "mental health" is defined. In general, most experts agree that "mental health" and "mental illness" are not opposites. In other words, the absence of a recognized mental disorder is not necessarily an indicator of sound mental health. One way to think about mental health is by looking at how effectively and successfully a person functions. Feeling capable and competent; being able to handle normal levels of stress, maintain satisfying relationships, and lead an independent life; and being able to "bounce back," or recover from difficult situations, are all signs of mental health. A combination of physical, emotional, social and most importantly mental well-being is necessary to achieve overall health.
Nutrition Nutrition is the science that studies how what people eat affects their health and performance, such as foods or food components that cause diseases or deteriorate health (such as eating too many calories, which is a major contributing factor to obesity, diabetes, and heart disease). The field of nutrition also studies foods and dietary supplements that improve performance, promote health, and cure or prevent disease, such as eating fibrous foods to reduce the risk of colon cancer, or supplementing with vitamin C to strengthen teeth and gums and to improve the immune system. Personal health depends partially on the social structure of one’s life. The maintenance of strong social relationships is linked to good health conditions, longevity, productivity, and a positive attitude. This is due to the fact that positive social interaction as viewed by the participant increases many chemical levels in the brain which are linked to personality and intelligence traits. Essentially this means that positive reinforcement from a third party make one more socially adept, in control, and relaxed physically and mentally, all of which are proven to effect the nervous system(UHF).
Love from Islamic side In a sense, love does encompass the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood which applies to all who hold the faith. There are no direct references stating that God is love, but amongst the 99 names of God (Allah), there is the name Al-Wadud or 'the Loving One', which is found in Surah 11:90 as well as Surah 85:14. It refers to God as being "full of loving kindness". All who hold the faith have God's love, but to what degree or effort he has pleased God depends on the individual itself. Ishq, or divine love, is the emphasis of Sufism. Sufis believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at itself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of Love. God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms which are the Lover, Loved, and Beloved with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through Love humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Sufism are infamous for being "drunk" due to their Love of God hence the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music.
LOVE is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection. The word love can refer to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic pleasure ("I loved that meal") to intense interpersonal attraction ("I love my girlfriend"). This diversity of meanings, combined with the complexity of the feelings involved, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, even compared to other emotional states. As an abstract concept, love usually refers to a deep, ineffable feeling of tenderly caring for another person. Even this limited conception of love, however, encompasses a wealth of different feelings, from the passionate desire and intimacy of romantic love to the nonsexual emotional closeness of familial and Platonic love to the profound oneness or devotion of religious love. Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.
________________________________________ Background A tire is a strong, flexible rubber casing attached to the rim of a wheel. Tires provide a gripping surface for traction and serve as a cushion for the wheels of a moving vehicle. Tires are found on automobile s, trucks, buses, aircraft landing gear, tractors and other farm equipment, industrial vehicles such as forklifts, and common conveyances such as baby carriages, shopping carts, wheel chairs, bicycles, and motorcycles. Tires for most vehicles are pneumatic; air is held under pressure inside the tire. Until recently, pneumatic tires had an inner tube to hold the air pressure, but now pneumatic tires are designed to form a pressure seal with the rim of the wheel. Scottish inventor Robert Thomson developed the pneumatic tire with inner tube in 1845, but his design was ahead of its time and attracted little interest. The pneumatic tire was reinvented in the 1880s by another Scotsman, John Boyd Dunlop, and became immediately popular with bicyclists. Natural rubber is the main raw material used in manufacturing tires, although synthetic rubber is also used. In order to develop the proper characteristics of strength, resiliency, and wear-resistance, however, the rubber must be treated with a variety of chemicals and then heated. American inventor Charles Goodyear discovered the process of strengthening rubber, known as vulcanization or curing, by accident in 1839. He had been experimenting with rubber since 1830 but had been unable to develop a suitable curing process. During an experiment with a mixture of india rubber and sulfur, Goodyear dropped the mixture on a hot stove. A chemical reaction took place and, instead of melting, the rubber-sulfur mixture formed a hard lump. He continued his experiments until he could treat continuous sheets of rubber. Today, large, efficient factories staffed with skilled workers produce more than 250 million new tires a year. Although automation guides many of the steps in the manufacturing process, skilled workers are still required to assemble the components of a tire. Raw Materials Rubber is the main raw material used in manufacturing tires, and both natural and synthetic rubber are used. Natural rubber is found as a milky liquid in the bark of the rubber tree, Hevea Brasiliensis. To produce the raw rubber used in tire manufacturing, the liquid latex is mixed with acids that cause the rubber to solidify. Presses squeeze out excess water and form the rubber into sheets, and then the sheets are dried in tall smokehouses, pressed into enormous bales, and shipped to tire factories around the world. Synthetic rubber is produced from the polymers found in crude oil. The other primary ingredient in tire rubber is carbon black. Carbon black is a fine, soft powder created when crude oil or natural gas is burned with a limited amount of oxygen, causing incomplete combustion and creating a large amount of fine soot. So much carbon black is required for manufacturing tires that rail cars transport it and huge silos store the carbon black at the tire factory until it is needed. Sulfur and other chemicals are also used in tires. Specific chemicals, when mixed with rubber and then heated, produce specific tire characteristics such as high friction (but low mileage) for a racing tire or high mileage (but lower friction) for a passenger car tire. Some chemicals keep the rubber flexible while it is being shaped into a tire while other chemicals protect the rubber from the ultraviolet radiation in sunshine. Design The main features of a passenger car tire are the tread, the body with sidewalls, and the beads. The tread is the raised pattern in contact with the road. The body supports the tread and gives the tire its specific shape. The beads are rubber-covered, metal-wire bundles that hold the tire on the wheel. Computer systems now play a major role in tire design. Complex analysis software acting on years of test data allows tire engineers to simulate the performance of tread design and other design parameters. The software creates a three-dimensional color image of a possible tire design and calculates the effects of different stresses on the proposed tire design. Computer simulations save money for tire manufacturers because many design limitations can be discovered before a proto-type tire is actually assembled and tested. In addition to tests of tread design and tire body construction, computers can simulate the effects of different types of rubber compounds. In a modern passenger car tire, as many as twenty different types of rubber may be used in different parts of the tire. One rubber compound may be used in the tread for good traction in cold weather; another compound is used to give increased rigidity in the tire sidewalls. After tire engineers are satisfied with computer studies of a new tire, manufacturing engineers and skilled tire assemblers work with the designers to produce tire prototypes for testing. When design and manufacturing engineers are satisfied with a new tire design, tire factories begin mass production of the new tire.
The tire-building machine invented by W. C. State of Goodyear Tire Company in 1909 dramatically increased workers' productivity. The history of tires provides an excellent example of how innovations in one industry can cause massive changes in another. Simply put, the "take-off" of the automobile industry transformed the rubber industry in the United States during the early years of the twentieth century. The late-nineteenth century rubber industry concentrated on producing footwear and bicycle and carriage tires. By World War I, rubber and automobile tires were virtually synonymous in the public mind. Seven thousand new car sales in 1901 were accompanied by sales of 28,000 tires as original equipment (OE) and an additional 68,000 replacement tires. By 1918, with tires forming about fifty percent of rubber sales, OE tire sales exceeded four million for the one million new cars produced and total tire production reached 24.5 million. This vast increase in production was accompanied by the emergence of now well-known firms like Goodyear, Goodrich, and Firestone, and the formation of the industry's center in Akron, Ohio. And while employment soared, production increases were possible only with the aid of technology. The fundamental innovation was the mechanization of core building. Before 1910, tires were built up by workers stretching, cementing, and stitching each ply and the beads around an iron core. In 1909, W. C. State of the Goodyear company patented a machine that carried the plys, beads, and tread on rollers carried on a central turret. The worker pulled the appropriate material over the core while the machine's electric motor held the proper tension so the worker could finish cementing and stitching. Skill and dexterity remained important, but the core-building machine simplified and sped-up production from six to eight tires per day per worker to twenty to forty a day, depending upon the type. William S. Pretzer The Manufacturing Process A passenger car tire is manufactured by wrapping multiple layers of specially formulated rubber around a metal drum in a tire-forming machine. The different components of the tire are carried to the forming machine, where a skilled assembler cuts and positions the strips to form the different parts of the
The first step in the tire manufacturing process is the mixing of raw materials—rubber, carbon black, sulfur, and other materials—to form the rubber compound. After the rubber is prepared, it is sent to a tire-building machine, where a worker builds up the rubber layers to form the tire. At this point, the tire is called a "green tire." tire, called a "green tire" at this point. When a green tire is finished, the metal drum collapses, allowing the tire assembler to remove the tire. The green tire is then taken to a mold for curing. • 1 The first step in the tire manufacturing process is the mixing of raw materials to form the rubber compound. Railcars deliver large quantities of natural and synthetic rubber, carbon black, sulfur, and other chemicals and oils, all of which are stored until needed. Computer control systems contain various recipes and can automatically measure out specific batches of rubber and chemicals for mixing. Gigantic mixers, hanging like vertical cement mixers, stir the rubber and chemicals together in batches weighing up to 1,100 pounds. • 2 Each mix is then remilled with additional heating to soften the batch and mix the chemicals. In a third step, the batch goes through a mixer again, where additional chemicals are added to form what is known as the final mix. During all three steps of mixing, heat and friction are applied to the batch to soften the rubber and evenly distribute the chemicals. The chemical composition of each batch depends on the tire part—certain rubber formulations are used for the body, other formulas for the beads, and others for the tread. Body, beads, and tread • 3 Once a batch of rubber has been mixed, it goes through powerful rolling mills that squeeze the batch into thick sheets. These sheets are then used to make the specific parts of the tire. The tire body, for instance, consists of strips of cloth-like fabric that are covered with rubber. Each strip of rubberized fabric is used to form a layer called a ply in the tire body. A passenger car tire may have as many as four plies in the body. • 4 For the beads of a tire, wire bundles are formed on a wire wrapping machine. The bundles are then formed into rings, and the rings are covered with rubber. • 5 The rubber for the tire tread and sidewalls travels from the batch mixer to another type of processing machine called an extruder. In the extruder, the batch is further mixed and heated and is then forced out through a die—a shaped orifice—to form a layer of rubber. Sidewall rubber is covered with a protective plastic sheet and rolled. Tread rubber is sliced into strips and loaded into large, flat metal cases called books. Tire-building machine • 6 The rolls of sidewall rubber, the books containing tread rubber, and the racks of
After the green tire is made, it is put in a mold for curing. Shaped like a clam, the mold contains a large, flexible balloon. The tire is placed over the balloon (bladder), and the mold closes. Next, steam is pumped into the balloon, expanding it to shape the tire against the sides of the mold. After cooling, the tire is inflated and tested. beads are all delivered to a skilled assembler at a tire-building machine. At the center of the machine is a collapsible rotating drum that holds the tire parts. The tire assembler starts building a tire by wrapping the rubber-covered fabric plies of the body around the machine drum. After the ends of these plies are joined with glue, the beads are added and locked into place with additional tire body plies laid over the beads. Next, the assembler uses special power tools to shape the edges of the tire plies. Finally, the extruded rubber layers for the sidewalls and tread are glued into place, and the assembled tire—the green tire—is removed from the tire-building machine. Curing • 7 A green tire is placed inside a large mold for the curing process. A tire mold is shaped like a monstrous metal clam which opens to reveal a large, flexible balloon called a bladder. The green tire is placed over the bladder and, as the clamshell mold closes, the bladder fills with steam and expands to shape the tire and force the blank tread rubber against the raised interior of the mold. During this curing process, the steam heats the green tire up to 280 degrees. Time in the mold depends on the characteristics desired in the tire. • 8 After curing is complete, the tire is removed from the mold for cooling and then testing. Each tire is thoroughly inspected for flaws such as bubbles or voids in the rubber of the tread, sidewall, and interior of the tire. Then, the tire is placed on a test wheel, inflated, and spun. Sensors in the test wheel measure the balance of the tire and determine if the tire runs in a straight line. Because of the design and assembly of a modern tire, rarely is one rejected. Once the tire has been inspected and run on the test wheel, it is moved to a warehouse for distribution. Quality Control Quality control begins with the suppliers of the raw materials. Today, a tire manufacturer seeks suppliers who test the raw materials before they are delivered to the tire plant. A manufacturer will often enter into special purchasing agreements with a few suppliers who provide detailed certification of the properties and composition of the raw materials. To insure the certification of suppliers, tire company chemists make random tests of the raw materials as they are delivered. Throughout the batch mixing process, samples of the rubber are drawn and tested to confirm different properties such as tensile strength and density. Each tire assembler is responsible for the tire components used. Code numbers and a comprehensive computer record-keeping system allow plant managers to trace batches of rubber and specific tire components. When a new tire design is being manufactured for the first time, hundreds of tires are taken from the end of the assembly line for destructive testing. Some of the tires, for example, are sliced open to check for air pockets between body plies, while others are pressed down on metal studs to determine puncture resistance. Still other tires are spun rapidly and forced down onto metal drums to test mileage and other performance characteristics. A variety of nondestructive evaluation techniques are also used in tire quality control. X-ray videography provides a quick and revealing view through a tire. In an X-ray tire test, a tire is selected at random and taken to a radiation booth where it is bombarded with X-rays. A test technician views the X-ray image on a video screen, where tire defects are easily spotted. If a defect shows up, manufacturing engineers review the specific steps of tire component assembly to determine how the flaw was formed. In addition to internal testing, feedback from consumers and tire dealers is also correlated with the manufacturing process to identify process improvements. The Future Constant improvements in rubber chemistry and tire design are creating exciting new tires that offer greater mileage and improved performance in extreme weather conditions. Manufacturers now offer tires estimated to last up to 80,000 miles. Treads, designed and tested by computer, now feature unique asymmetrical bands for improved traction and safety on wet or snowy roads. Tire design engineers are also experimenting with non-pneumatic tires that can never go flat because they don't contain air under pressure. One such non-pneumatic tire is simply one slab of thick plastic attached to the wheel rim. The plastic curves out from the rim to a point where a rubber tread is secured to the plastic for contact with the road. Such a tire offers lower rolling resistance for greater fuel economy and superior handling because of a greater area of contact between tread and road. Books Kovac, F. J. Tire Technology. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., 1978. Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires. U. S. Dept. of Transportation, 1981. Periodicals "Winners: The Best Product Designs of the Year," Business Week. June 8, 1992, pp. 56-57. "Computer Simulation Saves Money, Enhances Tire Design Before Prototypes Are Built," Elastomerics. July 1992, pp. 14-15. "PZero: Pushing the Performance Envelope with Pirelli's Newest Offering," European Car. July, 1992, pp. 62-63. "Tires: A Century of Progress," Popular Mechanics. June 4, 1985, pp. 60-64. —Robert C. Miller
Nylon fiber The Federal Trade Commission's definition for Nylon Fiber: A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which less than 85% of the amide-linkages are attached directly (-CO-NH-) to two aliphatic groups. • A synthetic thermoplastic fiber (Nylon melts/glazes easily at relatively low temperatures) • Round, smooth, and shiny filament fibers • cross sections can be either o trilobal to imitate silk o multilobal to increase staple like appearance and hand • Its most widely used structures are multifilament, monofilament, staple or tow and is available as partially drawn or as finished filaments. • Regular nylon has a round cross section and is perfectly uniform. The filaments are generally completely transparent unless they have been delustered or solution dyed. Thus, they are microscopically recognized as glass rods. • Molecular chains of nylon are long and straight variations but have no side chains or linkages. o Cold drawing (step 18 on the model) can align the chains so they are oriented with the lengthwise direction and are highly crystalline. • Nylon is related chemically to the protein fibers silk and wool. o They both have similar dye sites but nylon has many fewer dye sites than wool. [edit] Basic concepts of nylon production • The first approach: combining molecules with an acid (COOH) group on each end are reacted with two chemicals that contain amine(NH2)groups on each end. This process creates nylon 6,6, made of hexamethylene diamine with six carbon atoms and acidipic acid, as well as six carbon atoms. • The second approach: a compound has an acid at one end and an amine at the other and is polymerized to form a chain with repeating units of(-NH-[CH2]n-CO-)x. o In other words, nylon 6 is made from a single six-carbon substance called caprolactam. o In this equation, if n=5, then nylon 6 is the assigned name. (may also be referred to as polymer) Nylon 6,6 • Pleats and creases can be heat-set at higher temperatures • Nylon is very easy to dye, but Nylon 6,6 is not Nylon 6 • Better dye Affinity • Softer Hand • Greater elasticity and elastic recovery • Better weathering properties; better sunlight resistance
Producers The producers of nylon include: Honeywell Nylon Inc., Invista, Wellman Inc. among many others. The Dupont Company, is the most famous pioneer of the nylon we know today. Characteristics • Variation of luster: nylon has the ability to be very lustrous, semilustrous or dull. • Durability: its high tenacity fibers are used for seatbelts, tire cords, ballistic cloth and other uses. • High elongation • Excellent abrasion resistance • Highly resilient (nylon fabrics are heat-set) • Paved the way for easy-care garments • High resistance to: o insects, fungi and animals o molds, mildew, rot o many chemicals • Used in carpets and nylon stockings • Melts instead of burning • Used in many military applications Bulk properties Above their melting temperatures, Tm, thermoplastics like nylon are amorphous solids or viscous fluids in which the chains approximate random coils. Below Tm, amorphous regions alternate with regions which are lamellar crystals.[1] The amorphous regions contribute elasticity and the crystalline regions contribute strength and rigidity. The planar amide (-CO-NH-) groups are very polar, so nylon forms multiple hydrogen bonds among adjacent strands. Because the nylon backbone is so regular and symmetrical, especially if all the amide bonds are in the trans configuration, nylons often have high crystallinity and make excellent fibers. The amount of crystallinity depends on the details of formation, as well as on the kind of nylon. Apparently it can never be quenched from a melt as a completely amorphous solid. Nylon 6,6 can have multiple parallel strands aligned with their neighboring peptide bonds at coordinated separations of exactly 6 and 4 carbons for considerable lengths, so the carbonyl oxygens and amide hydrogens can line up to form interchain hydrogen bonds repeatedly, without interruption. Nylon 5,10 can have coordinated runs of 5 and 8 carbons. Thus parallel (but not antiparallel) strands can participate in extended, unbroken, multi-chain β-pleated sheets, a strong and tough supermolecular structure similar to that found in natural silk fibroin and the β-keratins in feathers. (Proteins have only an amino acid α-carbon separating sequential -CO-NH- groups.) Nylon 6 will form uninterrupted H-bonded sheets with mixed directionalities, but the β-sheet wrinkling is somewhat different. The three-dimensional disposition of each alkane hydrocarbon chain depends on rotations about the 109.47° tetrahedral bonds of singly-bonded carbon atoms. When extruded into fibers through pores in an industrial spinneret, the individual polymer chains tend to align because of viscous flow. If subjected to cold drawing afterwards, the fibers align further, increasing their crystallinity, and the material acquires additional tensile strength.[2] In practice, nylon fibers are most often drawn using heated rolls at high speeds. Block nylon tends to be less crystalline, except near the surfaces due to shearing stresses during formation. Nylon is clear and colorless, or milky, but is easily dyed. Multistranded nylon cord and rope is slippery and tends to unravel. The ends can be melted and fused with a heat source such as a flame or electrode to prevent this. When dry, polyamide is a good electrical insulator. However, polyamide is hygroscopic. The absorption of water will change some of the material's properties such as its electrical resistance. Nylon is less absorbent than wool or cotton.
Historical uses Bill Pittendreigh, DuPont, and other individuals and corporations worked diligently during the first few months of World War II to find a way to replace Asian silk and hemp with nylon in parachutes. It was also used to make tires, tents, ropes, ponchos, and other military supplies. It was even used in the production of a high-grade paper for U.S. currency. At the outset of the war, cotton accounted for more than 80% of all fibers used and manufactured, and wool fibers accounted for the remaining 20%. By August 1945, manufactured fibers had taken a market share of 25% and cotton had dropped. Some of the terpolymers based upon nylon are used every day in packaging. Nylon has been used for meat wrappings and sausage sheaths. Use in composites Nylon can be used as the matrix material in composite materials, with reinforcing fibres like glass or carbon fiber, and has a higher density than pure nylon. Such thermoplastic composites (25% glass fibre) are frequently used in car components next to the engine, such as exhaust manifolds, where the good heat resistance of such materials makes them feasible competitors to metals. Hydrolysis and degradation All nylons are susceptible to hydrolysis, especially by strong acids, a reaction essentially the reverse of the synthetic reaction shown above. The molecular weight of nylon products so attacked drops fast, and cracks form quickly at the affected zones. Lower members of the nylons (such as nylon 6) are affected more than higher members such as nylon 12. This means that nylon parts cannot be used in contact with sulphuric acid for example, such as the electrolyte used in lead-acid batteries. When being molded, nylon must be dried to prevent hydrolysis in the molding machine barrel since water at high temperatures can also degrade the polymer. The reaction is of the type
'Friendship' is a term used to denote co-operative and supportive behavior between two or more beings. In this sense, the term connotes a relationship which involves mutual knowledge, esteem, and affection and respect along with a degree of rendering service to friends in times of need or crisis. Friends will welcome each other's company and exhibit loyalty towards each other, often to the point of altruism. Their tastes will usually be similar and may converge, and they will share enjoyable activities. They will also engage in mutually helping behavior, such as exchange of advice and the sharing of hardship. A friend is someone who may often demonstrate reciprocating and reflective behaviors. Yet for many, friendship is nothing more than the trust that someone or something will not harm them. Value that is found in friendships is often the result of a friend demonstrating the following on a consistent basis:
the tendency to desire what is best for the other, sympathy and empathy, honesty, perhaps in situations where it may be difficult for others to speak the truth, especially in terms of pointing out the perceived faults of one's counterpart mutual understanding.
Friends in Nazareth, Israel. Friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than friendships later in life.In a comparison of personal relationships, friendship is considered to be closer than association, although there is a range of degrees of intimacy in both friendships and associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as spanning across the same continuum. The study of friendship is included in sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Various theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social psychology, social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. See Interpersonal relationships
Friendship is considered one of the central human experiences, and has been sanctified by all major religions. The Epic of Gilgamesh, a Babylonian poem that is among the earliest known literary works in history, chronicles in great depth the friendship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The Greco-Roman had, as paramount examples, the friendship of Orestes and Pylades, and, in Virgil's Aeneid, the friendship of Euryalus and Nisus. The Abrahamic faiths have the story of David and Jonathan. Friendship played an important role in German Romanticism. A good example for this is Schiller's Die Bürgschaft. The Christian Gospels state that Jesus Christ declared, "No one has greater love than this, to lay down one's life for one's friends."(John 15:13).
In philosophy, Aristotle is known for his discussion (in the Nicomachean Ethics) of philia, which is usually (somewhat misleadingly) translated as "friendship," and certainly includes friendship, though is a much broader concept.
Cultural variations: (stub-section) A group of friends consists of two or more people who are in a mutually pleasing relationship engendering a sentiment of camaraderie, exclusivity, and mutual trust. There are varying degrees of "closeness" between friends. Hence, some people choose to differentiate and categorize friendships based on this sentiment.
Contents [hide] 1 Rome 2 Russia 3 Asia 4 Modern west 5 Decline of close friendships 6 Developmental issues 7 Types of friendship 8 Non-personal friendships 9 Interspecies friendship and animal friendship 10 Colloquial terms 11 Friendship contrasted with comradeship 12 Bibliography 13 See also 14 References 15 External links
[edit] Rome During the time of the Roman Empire, Cicero had his own beliefs on friendship. Cicero believed that in order to have a true friendship with someone there must be all honesty and truth. If there isn’t, then this isn’t a true friendship. In that case, friends must be one hundred percent honest with each other and put one hundred percent of their trust in the other person. Cicero also believed that for people to be friends with another person, they must do things without the expectation that their friend will have to repay them. He also believes that if a friend is about to do something wrong, and something that goes against your morals, you shouldn’t compromise your morals. You must explain why what they are going to do is wrong, and help them to see what the right thing to do is, because Cicero believes that ignorance is the cause of evil. Finally the last thing that Cicero believed was that the reason that a friendship comes to an end is because one person in that friendship has become bad. (On Friendship, Cicero)
[edit] Russia The relationship is constructed differently in different cultures. In Russia, for example, one typically accords very few people the status of "friend". These friendships however make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone, and to use diminutives. A norm of polite behaviour is addressing "acquaintances" by full first name plus patronymic. These could include relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as workplace relationships of long standing, neighbors with whom one shares an occasional meal and visit, and so on. Physical contact between friends was expected, and friends, whether or not of the same sex, would embrace, sometimes kiss and walk in public with their arms around each other, or arm-in-arm, or hand-in-hand.
[edit] Asia In the Middle East and Central Asia male friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend also to be reserved and respectable in nature. They tend to call friends by a shorter name or nick names.
[edit] Modern west In the Western world, intimate physical contact has been sexualized in the public mind over the last one hundred years and is considered almost taboo in friendship, especially between two males. However, stylized hugging or kissing may be considered acceptable, depending on the context (see, for example, the kiss the tramp gives the kid in The Kid). In Spain and other Mediterranean countries men may embrace each other in public and kiss each other on the cheek. This is not limited solely to older generations but rather is present throughout all generations. In young children throughout the modern western world, friendship, usually of a homosocial nature, typically exhibits elements of a closeness and intimacy suppressed later in life in order to conform to societal standards Decline of close friendships The number and quality of friendships for the average American has been declining since at least 1985, according to a 2006 study.[1] The study states that 25% of Americans have no close confidants, and that the average total number of confidants per person has dropped to 2.
In recent times, some thinkers have postulated that modern friendships have lost the force and importance that they had in antiquity. C. S. Lewis for example, in his The Four Loves, writes:
"To the Ancients, Friendship seemed the happiest and most fully human of all loves; the crown of life and the school of virtue. The modern world, in comparison, ignores it. We admit of course that besides a wife and family a man needs a few 'friends'. But the very tone of the admission, and the sort of acquaintanceships which those who make it would describe as 'friendships', show clearly that what they are talking about has very little to do with that Philía which Aristotle classified among the virtues or that Amicitia on which Cicero wrote a book." Likewise, Paul Halsall claims that:
"The intense emotional and affective relationships described in the past as "non-sexual" cannot be said to exist today: modern heterosexual men can be buddies, but unless drunk they cannot touch each other, or regularly sleep together. They cannot affirm that an emotional affective relationship with another man is the centrally important relationship in their lives. It is not going too far, is it, to claim that friendship – if used to translate Greek philia or Latin amicitia – hardly exists among heterosexual men in modern Western society." Mark McLelland, writing under his Buddhist name of Dharmachari Jñanavira (Article), more directly points to homophobia being at the root of a modern decline in the western tradition of friendship:
"Hence, in our cultural context where homosexual desire has for centuries been considered sinful, unnatural and a great evil, the experience of homoerotic desire can be very traumatic for some individuals and severely limit the potential for same-sex friendship. The Danish sociologist Henning Bech, for instance, writes of the anxiety which often accompanies developing intimacy between male friends: "'The more one has to assure oneself that one's relationship with another man is not homosexual, the more conscious one becomes that it might be, and the more necessary it becomes to protect oneself against it. The result is that friendship gradually becomes impossible.'" Their opinion that fear of being, or being seen as, homosexual has killed off western man's ability to form close friendships with other men is shared by Japanese psychologist Doi Takeo, who claims that male friendships in American society are fraught with homosexual anxiety and thus homophobia is a limiting factor stopping men from establishing deep friendships with other men.
The suggestion that friendship contains an ineluctable element of erotic desire is not new, but has been advanced by students of friendship ever since the time of the ancient Greeks, where it comes up in the writings of Plato. More recently, the Austrian philosopher Otto Weininger claimed that:
"There is no friendship between men that has not an element of sexuality in it, however little accentuated it may be in the nature of the friendship, and however painful the idea of the sexual element would be. But it is enough to remember that there can be no friendship unless there has been some attraction to draw the men together. Much of the affection, protection, and nepotism between men is due to the presence of unsuspected sexual compatibility." (Sex and Character, 1903) Recent western scholarship in gender theory and feminism concurs, as reflected in the writings of Eve Sedgwick in her The Epistemology of the Closet, and Jonathan Dollimore in his Sexual Dissidence and Cultural Change: Augustine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault.
There is another theory for the decline of male friendship in Western societies. Modern Western men have grown up in smaller families. This means they had fewer siblings and, importantly, fewer brothers to play with younger or elder. After leaving the family nest for work, studies or other reasons, the sudden loss of brotherly friendships may be compensated by seeking more male friends. Men from smaller families will have less need to compensate, thus explaining the decline of male friendships later in life. This theory is particularly interesting because it does not require the obscure assumptions that all men must have homo-erotic desires to need male friends. Developmental issues In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships later in life[citation needed]. However making friends seems to trouble lots of people[citation needed]; having no friends can be emotionally damaging in some cases[citation needed]. Sometimes going years without a single friend can lead to suicide[citation needed]. A long time of friendship may also result in marriage, as they say[who?], too much friendship, is followed by a compromise.
A study by researchers from Purdue University found that post secondary education (e.g. university) friendships last longer than the friendships before it.[citation needed]
[edit] Types of friendship best friends Acquaintance Romantic friendship Soulmate Pen pal Internet friendship Comrade Friends with benefits Boston marriage Blood brotherhood Companionate love Intimate relationship Love Platonic love Romantic love Open relationship Roommate Spiritual Invisible
[edit] Non-personal friendships Although the term initially described relations between individuals, it is at times used for political purposes to describe relations between states or peoples ("the Franco-German friendship", for example), indicating in this case an affinity or mutuality of purpose between the two nations.
Regarding this aspect of international relations, Lord Palmerston said: "Therefore I say that it is a narrow policy to suppose that this country or that is to be marked out as the eternal ally or the perpetual enemy of England. We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow."[2] This is often paraphrased as: "Nations have no permanent friends and no permanent enemies. Only permanent interests."
The word "friendship" can be used in political speeches as an emotive modifier. Friendship in international relationships often refers to the quality of historical, existing, or anticipated bilateral relationships.
[edit] Interspecies friendship and animal friendship Friendship as a type of interpersonal relationship is found also among animals with high intelligence, such as the higher mammals and some birds. Cross-species friendships are common between humans and domestic animals. Less common but noteworthy are friendships between an animal and another animal of a different species, such as a dog and cat.
See also: ethology, altruism in animals, sociobiology
[edit] Colloquial terms A number of colloquial terms have been used to describe friendship and the context in which a friendship is fostered. These are briefly described below.
A friend who supports others only when it is easy and convenient to do so is called a "fair-weather friend". A friend who supports their own friends through emotional difficulties is a "true friend." This term also denotes a large degree of altruism, in that the true friend often sacrifices something of his or her own (usually their time and resources) in order to help the friend in need. True friends also are known to be very rare. A true friend may not be your best friend but someone who you know will be there for you. Friends who are sexually intimate but don't consider themselves to be dating is said to be a "casual relationship". This is also referred to as being "friends with benefits". A "best friend" is a friend to whom one feels closest. It is usually implied that the relationship is reciprocal, but such is not always the case, and best friend relationships can often be very complex.
[edit] Friendship contrasted with comradeship Friendship can be mistaken for comradeship. Comradeship is the feeling of affinity that draws people together in time of war or when people have a mutual enemy or even a common goal. Former New York Times war correspondent Chris Hedges wrote: "We feel in wartime comradeship. We confuse this with friendship, with love. There are those, who will insist that the comradeship of war is love — the exotic glow that makes us in war feel as one people, one entity, is real, but this is part of war's intoxication. As this feeling dissipated in the weeks after the attack, there was a kind of nostalgia for its warm glow and wartime always brings with it this comradeship, which is the opposite of friendship. Friends are predetermined; friendship takes place between men and women who possess an intellectual and emotional affinity for each other. But comradeship – that ecstatic bliss that comes with belonging to the crowd in wartime – is within our reach. We can all have comrades." [1] As a war ends, or a common enemy recedes, comrades return to being strangers, who lack friendship and have little in common.
Marriage is a social, religious, spiritual, or legal union of individuals. This union may also be called matrimony, while the ceremony that marks its beginning is usually called a wedding and the married status created is sometimes called wedlock.
Marriage is an institution in which interpersonal relationships (usually intimate and sexual) are acknowledged by the state or by religious authority. It is often viewed as a contract. Civil marriage is the legal concept of marriage as a governmental institution, in accordance with marriage laws of the jurisdiction. If recognized by the state, by the religion(s) to which the parties belong or by society in general, the act of marriage changes the personal and social status of the individuals who enter into it.
People marry for many reasons, but usually one or more of the following: legal, social, and economic stability; the formation of a family unit; procreation and the education and nurturing of children; legitimizing sexual relations; public declaration of love; or to obtain citizenship.[1][2]
Marriage may take many forms: for example, a union between one man and one woman as husband and wife is a monogamous heterosexual marriage; polygamy – in which a person takes more than one spouse – is common in some societies.[3] Recently, some jurisdictions[4] and denominations[5][6][7] have begun to recognize same-sex marriage, uniting people of the same sex.
A marriage is often formalized during a marriage ceremony,[8] which may be performed either by a religious officiant, by a secular State authorised officiator, or (in weddings that have no church or state affiliation) by a trusted friend of the wedding participants. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved and, in many societies, their extended families.
Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that "Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses." The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam gives men and women the "right to marriage" regardless of their race, colour or nationality, but not religion. Selection of a partner Main article: Arranged Marriage
An arranged marriage between Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of SpainThe selection of a marriage partner may involve either the couple going through a selection process of courtship or the marriage may be arranged by the couples' parents or an outside party.
Typically an arranged marriage will be finalized only with the approval of the couple[citation needed], though parents sometimes enforce arranged marriages on their children because of cultural tradition or for some other special reason (e.g., dowry).[citation needed] Sometimes a person seeking marriage is comfortable with having his or her marriage arranged and, even disregarding parental preference, would freely choose an arranged marriage.[citation needed] Forced marriage is common in only a few communities and often attracts harsh criticism even from people who are generally in favor of arranged marriage.[citation needed]
A pragmatic (or 'arranged') marriage is made easier by formal procedures of family or group politics. A responsible authority sets up or encourages the marriage; they may, indeed, engage a professional matchmaker to find a suitable spouse for an unmarried person. The authority figure could be parents, family, a religious official, or a group consensus.
In some cases, the authority figure may choose a match for purposes other than marital harmony. Some of the most popular uses of arranged marriage are for dowry or immigration.
Arranged marriages are still common in some countries, such as India, but are now rare in Western countries.[citation needed] In rural Indian villages, child marriage is also practiced, with parents at times arranging the wedding, sometimes even before the child is born. This practice is now illegal under the Child Marriage Restraint Act. In urban India, people use thriving institutions known as Marriage Bureaus or Matrimonials Sites, where potential partners register.[citation needed]
Marriage ceremony Main article: Wedding
Couple married in a Shinto ceremony in Takayama, Gifu prefecture.A marriage is usually formalised at a wedding or marriage ceremony.[9] The ceremony may be officiated either by a religious official, by a government official or by a state approved celebrant. In many European and some Latin American countries, any religious ceremony must be held separately from the required civil ceremony. Some countries – such as Belgium, Bulgaria, the Netherlands and Turkey[10] – require that a civil ceremony take place before any religious one. In some countries – notably the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Norway and Spain – both ceremonies can be held together; the officiant at the religious and civil ceremony also serving as agent of the state to perform the civil ceremony. To avoid any implication that the state is "recognizing" a religious marriage (which is prohibited in some countries) – the "civil" ceremony is said to be taking place at the same time as the religious ceremony. Often this involves simply signing a register during the religious ceremony. If the civil element of the religious ceremony is omitted, the marriage is not recognised by government under the law.
While some countries, such as Australia, permit marriages to be held in private and at any location, others, including England and Wales, require that the civil ceremony be conducted in a place open to the public and specially sanctioned by law. In England, the place of marriage need no longer be a church or registry office, but could also be a hotel, historic building or other venue that has obtained the necessary licence. An exception can be made in the case of marriage by special emergency license, which is normally granted only when one of the parties is terminally ill. Rules about where and when persons can marry vary from place to place. Some regulations require that one of the parties reside in the locality of the registry office.
Despite a marriage ceremony being conducted by a religious or civil official, most religious traditions maintain that the marriage itself is the act of the individuals themselves, either as a form of contract or as an exchange of vows, with the guests acting as witnesses.[citation needed]
Within the parameters set by the law of the jurisdiction in which a marriage or wedding takes place, each religious authority has rules for the manner in which weddings are to be conducted by their officials and members.
History The way in which a marriage is conducted has changed over time, as has the institution itself. Although the institution of marriage pre-dates reliable recorded history, many cultures have legends or religious beliefs concerning the origins of marriage.[11]
European marriages No specific civil ceremony was required for the creation of a marriage among the Greeks and Romans; only mutual agreement and the fact that the couple must regard each other as husband and wife accordingly.[citation needed] In Ancient Greece, men usually married when they were in their 30s.[citation needed] They expected their wives to be in their early teens.[citation needed] This age-structured relationship was also prevalent in same-sex relationships among the Ancient Greeks.[citation needed] Married Greek women had few rights in ancient Greek society and were expected to take care of the house and children.[citation needed] There was not as much emphasis on age disparity among the Romans in marriage.[citation needed] The husband was often older than the bride; he might be only two years older but sometimes could be as much as three times her age.[citation needed] Unlike Greek brides, Roman brides had many more rights, especially during the Roman Empire.[citation needed] There were two types of marriages in Roman society. The traditional form was called conventio in manum. In this type of marriage, a woman lost her family rights of inheritance of her old family and gained them with her new one. She now was subject to the authority of her husband.[citation needed]
Alternatively there was the free marriage known as sine manu. In this arrangement, the wife remained a member of her original family; she stayed under the authority of her father, kept her family rights of inheritance with her old family and didn't gain any with the new family. This marriage could simply be annulled by the separation of the couple.[citation needed]
The first recorded use of the word "marriage" for the union of same-sex couples also occurs during the Roman Empire. The term, however, was rarely associated with same-sex relationships, even though the relationships themselves were common.[12] In the year 342, the Christian emperors Constantius and Constans declared that same-sex marriage to be illegal.[13] In the year 390, the Christian emperors Valentinian II, Theodoisus and Arcadius declared homosexual sex to be illegal and those who were guilty of it were condemned to be burned alive in front of the public.[14]
From the early Christian era, marriage was thought of as primarily a private matter, with no religious or other ceremony being required.[citation needed] Prior to 1545, Christian marriages in Europe were by mutual consent, declaration of intention to marry and upon the subsequent physical union of the parties.[citation needed] The couple would promise verbally to each other that they would be married to each other; the presence of a priest or witnesses was not required. This promise was known as the "verbum." If made in the present tense (e.g., "I marry you"), it was unquestionably binding; if made in the future tense ("I will marry you"), it would constitute a betrothal. But if the couple proceeded to have sexual relations, the union was a marriage.[citation needed] One of the functions of churches from the Middle Ages was to register marriages, which was not obligatory. There was no state involvement in marriage and personal status, with these issues being adjudicated in ecclesiastical courts.
In the 1200s in England it was unlawful for a woman younger than 24 years to marry, but this changed, beginning in the 1500s, to 20 years of age.[15] With the average age of marriage in the late thirteenth into the fifteenth century being around 25 years of age.[16]
It was only after the Council of Trent in 1545, as part of the Counter-Reformation, that a Roman Catholic marriage would be recognized only if the marriage ceremony was officiated by a priest with two witnesses. The Council also authorized a Catechism, issued in 1566, which defined marriage as, "The conjugal union of man and woman, contracted between two qualified persons, which obliges them to live together throughout life."[17]
This change did not extend to the regions affected by the Protestant Reformation[18], where marriage by consent continued to be the norm. As part of the Reformation, the role of recording marriages and setting the rules for marriage passed to the state; by the 1600s many of the Protestant European countries had a state involvement in marriage.
State recognition In the early modern period, John Calvin and his Protestant colleagues reformulated Christian marriage by enacting the Marriage Ordinance of Geneva, which imposed "The dual requirements of state registration and church consecration to constitute marriage"[19] for recognition. That was the first state involvement in marriage.[citation needed]
In England and Wales, Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act 1753 required a formal ceremony of marriage, thereby curtailing the practice of Fleet Marriage.[20] These were clandestine or irregular marriages performed at Fleet Prison, and at hundreds of other places. From the 1690s until the Marriage Act of 1753 as many as 300,000 clandestine marriages were performed at Fleet Prison alone.[21] The Act required a marriage ceremony to be officiated by an Anglican priest in the Anglican Church with two witnesses and registration. The Act did not apply to Jewish marriages or those of Quakers, whose marriages continued to be governed by their own customs.
In England and Wales, since 1837, civil marriages have been recognised as a legal alternative to church marriages under the Marriage Act 1836. In Germany, civil marriages were recognised in 1875. This law permitted a declaration of the marriage before an official clerk of the civil administration, when both spouses affirm their will to marry, to constitute a legally recognised valid and effective marriage, and allowed an optional private clerical marriage ceremony.
In many jurisdictions, a civil marriage may take place as part of the religious marriage ceremony, although they are theoretically distinct. In most American states, a wedding may be officiated by a priest, minister, rabbi or other religious authority, and in such a case the religious authority also acts as an agent of the state. In some countries, such as France, Spain, Germany, Turkey, Argentina, Japan and Russia, it is necessary to be married by government authority separately from (usually before) any religious ceremony, with the state ceremony being the legally binding one. Some jurisdictions allow civil marriages in circumstances which are notably not allowed by particular religions, such as same-sex marriages or civil unions.
Marriage relationships may also be created by the operation of the law alone, as in common-law marriage, sometimes called "marriage by habit and repute." This is a judicial recognition that two people who have been living as domestic partners are subject to the rights and obligations of a legal marriage, even without formally marrying. However, in the UK at least, common-law marriage has been abolished and there are no rights available unless a couple marries or enters into a civil partnership.
Lack of recognition The status in the eyes of one authority may not be the same as for another, e.g., a marriage may be recognised civilly, but not by a church, and vice versa. Normally a marriage entered into in one country will be recognised in other countries. Sometimes, however, a religious ceremony or a marriage entered into in one country is not recognized by another. (See Marriage (conflict).)
In some cases couples living together do not wish to be recognised as married, such as when pension or alimony rights are adversely affected, or because of taxation consideration, or because of immigration issues, and for many other reasons.
Rights and obligations
A Ketubah in Aramaic, a Jewish marriage-contract outlining the duties of each partner.See also: Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States A marriage, by definition, bestows rights and obligations on the married parties, and sometimes on relatives as well, being the sole mechanism for the creation of affinal ties (in-laws). These may include:
giving a husband/wife or his/her family control over a spouse’s sexual services, labor, and property. giving a husband/wife responsibility for a spouse’s debts. giving a husband/wife visitation rights when his/her spouse is incarcerated or hospitalized. giving a husband/wife control over his/her spouse’s affairs when the spouse is incapacitated. establishing the second legal guardian of a parent’s child. establishing a joint fund of property for the benefit of children. establishing a relationship between the families of the spouses. These rights and obligations vary considerably between societies, and between groups within society.[22]
Cohabitation See also: cohabitation Marriage is an institution which can join together people's lives in a variety of emotional and economic ways. In many Western cultures, marriage usually leads to the formation of a new household comprising the married couple, with the married couple living together in the same home, often sharing the same bed, but in some other cultures this is not the tradition.[23] Among the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, residency after marriage is matrilocal, with the husband moving into the household of his wife's mother.[24] Residency after marriage can also be patrilocal or avunculocal. Also, in southwestern China, walking marriages, in which the husband and wife do not live together, have been a traditional part of the Mosuo culture.[25] Walking marriages have also been increasingly common in modern Beijing. Guo Jianmei, director of the center for women's studies at Beijing University, told a Newsday correspondent, "Walking marriages reflect sweeping changes in Chinese society."[26] A similar arrangement in Saudi Arabia, called misyar marriage, also involves the husband and wife living separately but meeting regularly.[27]
Conversely, marriage is not a prerequisite for cohabitation. In some cases couples living together do not wish to be recognised as married, such as when pension or alimony rights are adversely affected, or because of taxation consideration, or because of immigration issues, and for many other reasons.
In some cases cohabitation may constitute a common-law marriage, and in some countries the laws recognise cohabitation in preference to the formality of marriage for taxation and social security benefits. This is the case, for example, in Australia.[28]
Sex and procreation Marriage typically requires consummation by sexual intercourse, and non-consummation (that is, failure or refusal to engage in sex) may be grounds for an annulment.[29]
There are some married couples who remain childless either by choice or due to infertility or other factors preventing conception or bearing of children. In some cultures, marriage imposes an obligation on women to bear children. In northern Ghana, for example, payment of bridewealth signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, and women using birth control face substantial threats of physical abuse and reprisals.[30]
On the other hand, marriage is not a prerequisite for having children, and having children outside of marriage is today not as uncommon as it used to be. In the United States, the National Center for Health Statistics reported that in 1992, 30.1 percent of births were to unmarried women.[31][32] In 2006, that number had risen to 38.5 percent.[33] Until recently, children born outside of marriage were termed illegitimate and suffered legal disadvantages and social stigma. In recent years the legal relevance of illegitimacy has declined and social acceptance increased, especially in western countries.
Many of the world's major religions look with disfavor on sexual relations outside of marriage.[34] Some teach that sexual relations without marriage are fornication, which is sometimes also socially discouraged or even criminalized.[citation needed] Sexual relations by a married person with someone other than his/her spouse is normally called adultery, and is also frequently disapproved by the major world religions (some calling it a sin), and has often been - in some jurisdictions continues to be - a crime and grounds for divorce. (See adultery.)
Marriage restrictions See also: marriage law
Marriage age Main article: marriageable age The minimum age at which a person is able to lawfully marry, and if parental or other consents are required, vary from country to country.
Gender restrictions Main articles: same-sex marriage and same-sex unions Main article: dowry Some legal, social, or religious restrictions apply in some countries on the genders of the couple.
In response to changing social and political attitudes, some jurisdictions and religious denominations now recognize marriages between people of the same sex. In some jurisdictions these are sometimes called civil unions or domestic partnerships, while some others explicitly prohibit same-sex marriages.
In 1989, Denmark became the first country in the modern era to extend the rights and responsibilities of marriage to same-sex couples under the name of registered partnership[citation needed]. Since 2001, five countries have come to recognise same-sex marriages for civil purposes, namely the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, and South Africa[citation needed], and Norway is on track to become the sixth in 2009. To avoid the use of the term "marriage", some governments provide civil unions, which are open to couples of the same sex, and in some jurisdictions also to those of opposite sexes who do not want to marry, to confer all or a portion of the benefits of married status[citation needed]. Civil unions (and registered/domestic partnerships) are currently recognized and accepted in approximately 30 out of 193 countries worldwide and in some U.S. states[citation needed]. However, in countries where it has been adopted, applications for marriage licenses have far exceeded governmental estimates of demand.[35] Some jurisdictions, such as the nations of Israel, Aruba, and the Netherlands Antilles, as well as the U.S. States of New Mexico, New York and Rhode Island, recognize same-sex marriages lawfully entered into in other countries, while not (yet) permitting them to be performed locally.[citation needed]
In addition to civil authorities, some religious denominations ceremonially perform civil unions and same-sex marriages, and recognize them as essentially equivalent to other marriages. For example, Lutheran churches in Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and some Lutheran churches of the Evangelical Church in Germany allow blessing ceremonies for same-sex couples, as do Unitarian Universalist churches.[citation needed]
In the United States, Massachusetts and California are the only states to recognize same-sex marriage under the name marriage. (In Iowa, a district court that struck down the state's Defense of Marriage Act issued a stay on the ruling the next day, only one same sex couple has been married under Iowa law[36], and the ruling will be considered by the highest court in Iowa, with arguments to be heard beginning on December 9, 2008.) The Supreme Court of Connecticut has also ruled that restriction of marriage to heterosexuals is illegal under the state constitution, and gay marriages will begin in Connecticut at a date to be determined.[37] However, California is now considering Proposition 8, which would amend the state constitution and revoke the right of same-sex couples to marry. In 9 other U.S. regions, including Vermont, Maine, New Jersey, and the District of Columbia, civil unions or domestic partnerships are available to couples of the same sex, often carrying the same entailments as marriage, under a different name. However, these apply only to benefits under state law, and are not recognized by other states (with a few exceptions) or the U.S. federal government.
In Australia, de facto relationships are legally recognized in many, but not all, ways,[38][39] with some states having registers of de facto relationships, although the federal government has amended existing legislation to specify that only marriages between a man and a woman will be recognized as 'marriages'.[40]. As a result, the Australian Capital Territory's 2006 Bill to give civil unions identical status and processes as registered marriages, was repealed by the federal government before it came into effect.
These developments have created a political and religious reaction in some countries, including in England, where the Church of England, after long debate, officially banned blessings of gay couples by Church of England clergy,[41] and in the United States. In contrast to the three above-mentioned U.S. states where the state constitutions have been found by courts to require equivalent marriage for same-sex couples, several states have specifically defined marriage as between a man and a woman, often after popular referenda, including the state of Mississippi which passed a constitutional amendment defining marriage as between a man and a woman and refusing to recognize same-sex marriages from other states with 86% of the vote supporting that proposition.[2]PDF (29.9 KiB) Federally, the U.S. congress has considered, but failed to pass, a Federal Marriage Amendment. In addition, while Lutheran churches in some countries allow blessing ceremonies for same-sex couples, as stated previously, in other countries, (such as Finland) such ceremonies are discouraged and rarely performed by the church.[citation needed]
Kinship restrictions Main article: Prohibited degree of kinship Societies have often placed restrictions on marriage to relatives, though the degree of prohibited relationship varies widely. In most societies, marriage between brothers and sisters has been forbidden, with ancient Egyptian, Hawaiian, and Inca royalty being prominent exceptions. In many societies, marriage between first cousins is preferred, while at the other extreme, the medieval Catholic Church prohibited marriage even between distant cousins.
In the United Kingdom, the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907 removed the previous prohibition of a man marrying the sister of his deceased wife.
All mainstream religions prohibit some marriages on the basis of the consanguinity (lineal descent) and affinity (kinship by marriage) of the prospective marriage partners, though the standards vary.
Polygamy Main article: polygamy See also: Forms of nonmonogamy Polygamous marriage, in which a person is married to more than one spouse at one time, is illegal in many countries, but accepted by other societies, though it is far less common than monogamy.[3]
Africa has the highest rate of polygamy in the world.[42] In Senegal, for example, nearly 47 percent of marriages are multiple.[43] Polygamy is normally not permitted in most western countries (see bigamy), though some recognise bona fides polygamous marriages entered into in countries that routinely perform such marriages, such as in a Muslim country.
Cultures that allow polygamy still sometimes place restrictions on it. For instance, in Islam a man is allowed to marry up to 4 women at the same time, but only in cases where (1) his first wife is infertile, (2) the local population is unbalanced with women strongly outnumbering men, or (3) he claims a strong love and sexual attraction for the potential wife which he says makes him fear of adultery. In each of these situations, all current wives are freed to leave the marriage if they so desire.
Polygyny (one husband with multiple wives) is the typical form of multiple-marriage polygamy, while polyandry (one wife with multiple husbands) is rare.[44] Anthropologists distinguish between multiple-marriage polygamy and group marriage, in which multiple spouses all become married to one another. Group marriage is also rare.[3] In the United States, the historic Oneida Colony provides a prominent 19th-century example of a group marriage, though it was not recognised by any civil or separate religious authority.
Social restrictions This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)
Many societies, even some with a cultural tradition of polygamy, recognize monogamy as the only valid form of marriage. For example, People's Republic of China shifted from allowing polygamy to supporting only monogamy in the Marriage Act of 1953 after the Communist revolution.[citation needed] Polygamy is practiced illegally by some groups in the United States and Canada, primarily by certain Mormon fundamentalist sects that separated from the mainstream Latter Day Saints movement after the practice was renounced in 1890.[45] Many African and Islamic societies still allow polygamy.[citation needed]
In the Indian Hindu community, especially in the Brahmin caste, marrying a person of the same gotra was prohibited, since persons belonging to the same gotra are said to have identical patrilineal descent. In ancient India, when gurukuls existed, the shishyas (pupils) were advised against marrying any of guru's children, as shishyas were also considered the guru's children and it would be considered marriage among siblings. However, there were exceptions, including Arjuna's son Abhimanyu's marriage to Uttra, the dance student of Arjuna in Mahabharata. The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 brought reforms in the area of same-gotra marriages, which were banned prior to the act's passage. Now the Indian constitution allows any consenting adult heterosexual couple (women 18 or older and men 21 or older) from any race, religion, caste, or creed to marry.
Many societies have also adopted other restrictions on whom one can marry, such as prohibitions of marrying persons with the same surname, or persons with the same sacred animal. Anthropologists refer to these sorts of restrictions as exogamy. One example is South Korea's general taboo against a man marrying a woman with the same family name. The most common surname in South Korea is Kim (almost 20%); however, there are several branches (or clans) in the Kim surname. (Korean family names are divided into one or more clans.) Only intra-clan marriages are prohibited, as they are considered one type of exogamy. Thus, many "Kim-Kim" couples can be found.[citation needed]
Societies have also at times required marriage from within a certain group. Anthropologists refer to these restrictions as endogamy. An example of such restrictions would be a requirement to marry someone from the same tribe. Racist laws adopted by some societies in the past—such as Nazi-era Germany, apartheid-era South Africa and most of the United States in the nineteenth and the first half of the 20th century—which prohibited marriage between persons of different races could also be considered examples of endogamy. In the U.S., many laws banning interracial marriage, which were state laws, were gradually repealed between 1948 and 1967. The U.S. Supreme Court declared all such laws unconstitutional in the case of Loving v. Virginia in 1967.[46]
Marriage and religion See also: Christian views of marriage, Islamic marital jurisprudence, Buddhist view of marriage, Marriage in Hinduism, and Jewish views of marriage
Christian wedding in Kyoto, Japan. A Jewish wedding, painting by Jozef Israëls, 1903.All mainstream religions have strong views relating to marriage. Most religions perform a wedding ceremony to solemnize the beginning of a marriage. Some regard marriage as simply a contract, while others regard it as a sacred institution.
Most Christian churches bless the couple being married, and the wedding ceremony sometimes involves a pledge by the community to support the couple's relationship.[citation needed] Liturgical Christian communions - notably Anglicanism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy - consider marriage (sometimes termed holy matrimony) to be an expression of divine grace, termed a sacrament or mystery. In Western ritual, the ministers of the sacrament are the husband and wife themselves, with a bishop, priest, or deacon merely witnessing the union on behalf of the church, and adding a blessing. In Eastern ritual churches, the bishop or priest functions as the actual minister of the Sacred Mystery (Eastern Orthodox deacons may not perform marriages). Western Christians commonly refer to marriage a vocation, while Eastern Christians consider it an ordination and a martyrdom, though the theological emphases indicated by the various names are not excluded by the teachings of either tradition. Marriage is commonly celebrated in the context of a Eucharistic service (a nuptial Mass or Divine Liturgy). The sacrament of marriage is indicative of the relationship between Christ and the Church (Ephesians 5:29-32), yet most Reformed Christians would deny the elevation of marriage to the status of a sacrament, nevertheless it is considered a covenant between spouses before God. (cf. Ephesians 5:31-33)
In Judaism, marriage is viewed as a contractual bond commanded by God in which a man and a woman come together to create a relationship in which God is directly involved.[47] Though procreation is not the sole purpose, a Jewish marriage is also expected to fulfill the commandment to have children.[48] The main focus centers around the relationship between the husband and wife. Kabbalistically, marriage is understood to mean that the husband and wife are merging together into a single soul. This is why a man is considered "incomplete" if he is not married, as his soul is only one part of a larger whole that remains to be unified.[49] See Jewish views of marriage.
A Muslim couple being wed alongside the Tungabhadra River at Hampi, India. Hindu marriage ceremony from a Rajput wedding.Islam also commends marriage, with the age of marriage being whenever the individuals feel ready, financially and emotionally, for marriage. According to Shia Islam marriage doesn't require any witness or official statement or presence in a definite place.[50] To create a religious contract between them, it is sufficient that a man and a woman indicate an intention to marry each other and recite the requisite words.[51][52] A couple can live with each other as a family without an official contract. Of course there are some criteria which should be observed; for example, the woman should be single.[53][54]
In the Bahá'í Faith marriage is encouraged and viewed as a mutually strengthening bond, but is not obligatory. A Bahá'í marriage requires the couple to choose each other, and then the consent of all living parents.[55]
Hinduism sees marriage as a sacred duty that entails both religious and social obligations. Old Hindu literature in Sanskrit gives many different types of marriages and their categorization ranging from "Gandharva Vivaha" (instant marriage by mutual consent of participants only, without any need for even a single third person as witness) to normal (present day) marriages, to "Rakshasa Vivaha" (marriage performed by abduction of one participant by the other participant, usually, but not always, with the help of other persons).
For the most part, religious traditions in the world reserve marriage to heterosexual unions, but there are exceptions including Unitarian Universalist, Metropolitan Community Church, and Quaker, United Church of Canada and Reform Jewish congregations.[56][57]
Financial considerations The financial aspects of marriage vary between cultures and have changed over time.
Dowry In many cultures the family of the bride was historically expected to provide a dowry to the husband.[citation needed] A dowry was not an unconditional gift, but was usually a part of a wider marriage settlement. For example, if the groom had other children, they could not inherit the dowry, which had to go to the bride's children. In the event of her childlessness, the dowry had to be returned to her family, but sometimes not until the groom's death or remarriage. Often the bride was entitled to inherit at least as much as her dowry from her husband's estate.[citation needed]
In some cultures, dowries continue to be required today, while some countries impose restrictions on the payment of dowry.
Bride price and dower In other cultures, the groom or his family were expected to pay a bride price to the bride's family for the right to marry the daughter, or dower, which was payable to the bride. If the groom or his family did not have the bride price to offer to the bride's family, sometimes a bride service may be accepted in its place.[citation needed] This required the groom to work for the bride's family for a set period of time.
In the Jewish tradition, the rabbis in ancient times insisted on the marriage couple entering into a marriage contact, called a ketubah. Besides other things, the ketubah provided for an amount to be paid by the husband in the event of a divorce or his estate in the event of his death. This amount was a replacement of the biblical dower or bride price, which was payable at the time of the marriage by the groom to the bride or her parents.[citation needed][58] This innovation was put in place because the biblical bride price created a major social problem: many young prospective husbands could not raise the bride price at the time when they would normally be expected to marry. So, to enable these young men to marry, the rabbis, in effect, delayed the time that the amount would be payable, when they would be more likely to have the sum. It may also be noted that both the dower and the ketubah amounts served the same purpose: the protection for the wife should her support cease, either by death or divorce. The only difference between the two systems was the timing of the payment. It is the predecessor to the wife's present-day entitlement to maintenance in the event of the breakup of marriage, and family maintenance in the event of the husband not providing adequately for the wife in his will. Another function performed by the ketubah amount was to provide a disincentive for the husband contemplating divorcing his wife: he would need to have the amount to be able to pay to the wife.
Morning gifts, which might also be arranged by the bride's father rather than the bride, are given to the bride herself; the name derives from the Germanic tribal custom of giving them the morning after the wedding night. She might have control of this morning gift during the lifetime of her husband, but is entitled to it when widowed. If the amount of her inheritance is settled by law rather than agreement, it may be called dower. Depending on legal systems and the exact arrangement, she may not be entitled to dispose of it after her death, and may lose the property if she remarries. Morning gifts were preserved for many centuries in morganatic marriage, a union where the wife's inferior social status was held to prohibit her children from inheriting a noble's titles or estates. In this case, the morning gift would support the wife and children. Another legal provision for widowhood was jointure, in which property, often land, would be held in joint tenancy, so that it would automatically go to the widow on her husband's death. Islamic tradition has similar practices. A 'mahr', either immediate or deferred, is the woman's portion of the groom's wealth (divorce) or estate (death). These amounts are usually set based on the groom's own and family wealth and incomes, but in some parts these are set very high so as to provide a disincentive for the groom exercising the divorce, or the husband's family 'inheriting' a large portion of the estate, especially if there are no male offspring from the marriage. In some countries, including Iran, the mahr or alimony can amount to more than a man can ever hope to earn, sometimes up to US$ 1000,000 (4000 official Iranian gold coins). If the husband cannot pay the mahr, either in case of a divorce or on demand, according to the current laws in Iran, he will have to pay it by installments. Failure to pay the mahr might even lead to imprisonment.[59]
General In some cultures, dowries and bride prices continue to be required today. In both cases, the financial arrangements are usually made between the groom (or his family) and the bride's family; with the bride in many cases not being involved in the arrangement, and often not having a choice in whether to participate in the marriage.
In Early Modern Britain, the social status of the couple was supposed to be equal. After the marriage, all the property (called "fortune") and expected inheritances of the wife belonged to the husband. The wife was often called "his property", but she was entitled to his protection, which a single woman was not.[citation needed]
Modern customs In many countries today, each marriage partner has the choice of keeping his or her property separate or combining properties. In the latter case, called community property, when the marriage ends by divorce each owns half; if one partner dies the surviving partner owns half and inheritance rules apply to the other half.[citation needed] In many legal jurisdictions, laws related to property and inheritance provide by default for property to pass upon the death of one party in a marriage firstly to the spouse and secondly to the children. Wills and trusts can make alternative provisions for property succession.
In some legal systems, the partners in a marriage are "jointly liable" for the debts of the marriage. This has a basis in a traditional legal notion called the "Doctrine of Necessities" whereby a husband was responsible to provide necessary things for his wife. Where this is the case, one partner may be sued to collect a debt for which they did not expressly contract. Critics of this practice note that debt collection agencies can abuse this by claiming an unreasonably wide range of debts to be expenses of the marriage. The cost of defence and the burden of proof is then placed on the non-contracting party to prove that the expense is not a debt of the family. The respective maintenance obligations, both during and eventually after a marriage, are regulated in most jurisdictions; alimony is one such method.
Some have attempted to analyse the institution of marriage using economic theory; for example, anarcho-capitalist economist David Friedman has written a lengthy and controversial study of marriage as a market transaction (the market for husbands and wives).[60]
Taxation Most countries use progressive taxes, in which the tax rate is higher for a taxpayer with a higher income.[citation needed] In some of these countries, spouses are allowed to average their incomes; this is advantageous to a married couple with disparate incomes. To compensate for this somewhat, many countries provide a higher tax bracket for the averaged income of a married couple. While income averaging might still benefit a married couple with a stay-at-home spouse, such averaging would cause a married couple with roughly equal personal incomes to pay more total tax than they would as two single persons. This is commonly called the marriage penalty.
Moreover, when the rates applied by the tax code are not based on averaging the incomes, but rather on the sum of individuals' incomes, higher rates will definitely apply to each individual in a two-earner households in progressive tax systems. This is most often the case with high-income taxpayers and is another situation where some consider there to be a marriage penalty.
Conversely, when progressive tax is levied on the individual with no consideration for the partnership, dual-income couples fare much better than single-income couples with similar household incomes. The effect can be increased when the welfare system treats the same income as a shared income thereby denying welfare access to the non-earning spouse. Such systems apply in Australia and Canada, for example.
Other considerations Sometimes people marry for purely pragmatic reasons, sometimes called a marriage of convenience or sham marriage. For example, according to one publisher of information about "green card" marriages, "Every year over 450,000 United States citizens marry foreign-born individuals and petition for them to obtain a permanent residency (Green Card) in the United States."[61] While this is likely an over-estimate, in 2003 alone 184,741 immigrants were admitted to the U.S. as spouses of U.S. citizens.[62]
Termination In most societies, the death of one of the partners terminates the marriage, and in monogamous societies this allows the other partner to remarry, though sometimes after a waiting or mourning period.
Many societies also provide for the termination of marriage through divorce. Marriages can also be annulled in some societies, where an authority declares that a marriage never happened. In either event the people concerned are free to remarry (or marry). After divorce, one spouse may have to pay alimony.
Several cultures have practiced temporary and conditional marriages. Examples include the Celtic practice of handfasting and fixed-term marriages in the Muslim community. Pre-Islamic Arabs practiced a form of temporary marriage that carries on today in the practice of Nikah Mut'ah, a fixed-term marriage contract. Muslim controversies related to Nikah Mut'ah have resulted in the practice being confined mostly to Shi'ite communities.
Contemporary views on marriage
Criticisms Main article: Criticism of marriage Many people have proposed arguments against marriage for various reasons. These include political and religious criticisms, pragmatic reference to the divorce rate, as well as celibacy for religious or philosophical reasons.
Controversial views Some views about marriage are controversial. Advocates of same-sex rights criticize the exclusion of homosexual relationships from legal and social recognition and the rights and obligations it provides. At the same time advocates of the traditional marriage movement oppose any attempt to define marriage to include anything other than the union of one man and one woman, claiming that to do so would "deprive the term of its fundamental and defining meaning."[63]
Smiling is a great way to make yourself stand out while helping your body to function better. Smile to improve your health, your stress level, and your attractiveness.
1. Smiling makes us attractive.
We are drawn to people who smile. There is an attraction factor. We want to know a smiling person and figure out what is so good. Frowns, scowls and grimaces all push people away -- but a smile draws them in.
2. Smiling Changes Our Mood
Next time you are feeling down, try putting on a smile. There's a good chance you mood will change for the better. Smiling can trick the body into helping you change your mood.
3. Smiling is Contagious
When someone is smiling they lighten up the room, change the moods of others, and make things happier. A smiling person brings happiness with them. Smile lots and you will draw people to you.
4. Smiling Relieves Stress
Stress can really show up in our faces. Smiling helps to prevent us from looking tired, worn down, and overwhelmed. When you are stressed, take time to put on a smile. The stress should be reduced and you'll be better able to take action.
5. Smiling Boosts Your Immune System
Smiling helps the immune system to work better. When you smile, immune function improves possibly because you are more relaxed. Prevent the flu and colds by smiling.
6. Smiling Lowers Your Blood Pressure
When you smile, there is a measurable reduction in your blood pressure. Give it a try if you have a blood pressure monitor at home. Sit for a few minutes, take a reading. Then smile for a minute and take another reading while still smiling. Do you notice a difference?
7. Smiling Releases Endorphins,Natural Pain Killers and Serotonin
Studies have shown that smiling releases endorphins, natural pain killers, and serotonin. Together these three make us feel good. Smiling is a natural drug.
8. Smiling Lifts the Face and Makes You Look Younger
The muscles we use to smile lift the face, making a person appear younger. Don't go for a face lift, just try smiling your way through the day -- you'll look younger and feel better.
9. Smiling Makes You Seem Successful
Smiling people appear more confident, are more likely to be promoted, and more likely to be approached. Put on a smile at meetings and appointments and people will react to you differently.
10. Smiling Helps You Stay Positive
Try this test: Smile. Now try to think of something negative without losing the smile. It's hard. When we smile our body is sending the rest of us a message that "Life is Good!" Stay away from depression, stress and worry by smiling. More Fun Ways to Live Longer
The melamine issue, though not dominating news headlines any more, is far from over. Chinese baby formula tainted with the toxic substance is really the tip of the iceberg. Of late, we have read of other food categories that were also contaminated, including vegetables, fruits and other types of candies or snacks, affecting no less than 40 countries. Though there have been many test results claiming that certain food brands are safe for consumption, there are still many others that could be on the "suspect" list. As melamine is also widely used in manufacturing plastics, paint, adhesives and food packages, data suggests that melamine might enter food through natural surroundings and food packages. This, therefore, adds to the difficulty of ensuring complete safety of food products. Another facet of the problem is where to draw the line, especially for products that are imported from China and then repacked locally. Worse, when they are then re-exported to a third country under different labels. To the consumers, these may appear as local products when in fact they are not. Adding to this is, of course, the ambiguous interpretations of the safety limits of melamine, if there is such a thing. Some concede that a small amount of melamine might be found in food and that it would be "unreasonable" to suggest zero-melamine in food. This is, however, not to say that melamine is entirely safe! The so-called limits were devised purely for purposes of comparison to avoid purposeful adulteration and contamination. That is why many health authorities in fact banned the substance in food products. After all, in general, melamine has no approved use in human or animal food. In the body, it will combine with other chemicals in the body to form crystals that could damage the kidneys, and this could prove fatal. Other problems include bladder and reproductive organ damage. Some activists have even claimed that they don't think anyone knows what the "acceptable" dangerous levels of melamine actually are. More importantly, the incident has raised the question of food security in many countries where the effectiveness of monitoring is a cause of concern. This is especially so when it involves imported foods which may pose many potential dangers. Here, even the FDA is not spared. What is more, where there is not only a lack of regulations and standards, there are also problems of having qualified laboratory personnel to provide the required level of expertise and confidence to ensure food safety. More often, it is chance rather than systematic and strategic monitoring that leads to the discovery of such tainting of food on a large scale. For countries largely dependent on imported food, the question of food security has become even more serious, as the current event seems to show. Imagine how national sovereignty and security can be totally jeopardised if imported food is deliberately poisoned, made worse by a lethargic monitoring system. Because of such problems, we must ensure the move to be self-sufficient in food is not allowed to fail as it could be a threat to the entire nation.
Young adults need a guide who is emotionally and mentally equipped to care for them and to demand from them. They need a model for how they should be, a healthy adult to guide them into healthy adulthood. Bell Hooks (2000) emphasizes that "teachers must be actively committed to a process of self-actualization that promotes their own well-being if they are to teach in a manner that empowers students". I interpret her statement to mean that truly liberating education must include an effort on the part of the teacher to approach students as more than mere vessels to be filled with information, but as whole people to be raised. To do this a teacher must first know and respect her self.
To ensure my own "self-actualization" I worked on nurturing my teacher-self but also my other selves. I put some distance between my teaching and the other parts of my life, and the results paid off in the classroom. I pursued writing and reading for pleasure; I began to pick up my household chores again; I spent time with my loved ones; took walks; watched television; treated myself to ice cream on rough days; made sure to get enough sleep; ate three square meals a day. As a result, I began to feel energized by my other selves, and that energy manifested itself in my classroom. For example, I incorporated my sense of humor more into my direct instruction. I drew on my wide knowledge of pop culture, integrating that knowledge into my content to make it more relevant to students. Ultimately, I learned that I am a teacher but I am also a complete person, and if I want my students to bring their personhoods into my room, I have to do so myself. A classroom is more than just a place of business; it is a place for persons to encounter other persons, and to learn from those encounters.
Learning to keep myself healthy and well-rounded enabled me to focus on my greatest priority: to take care of my students, mentally and personally. The result of my self-care was powerful, as I realized during my full-time student teaching that I was enjoying my work! I began to delight in the students, in their work, in the funny things they said every day, in their wonderful minds, and in the part I got to play in their development.
WHILE the situation in a neighbouring country is deteriorating, Malaysians must be vigilant and ensure that our country doesn’t suffer the same fate. There are lessons to be learnt from what is happening there. Already, the common people here are facing challenges to make ends meet. Any disturbances will exacerbate the situation and it must be avoided at all cost.
Sectarian and individual ambitions should not take preference over society’s well-being as this could create even more anxieties and, God forbid, may even lead to violence.
We have just celebrated our 51st Merdeka in peace. And there was the impressive muhibah gathering attended by more than 300 leaders from various communities, with our prime minister officiating.
The use of the word muhibah, which was once given prominence during the days of the earlier prime ministers, has now almost gone into oblivion. Muhibah was often associated with durian parties then.
Muhibah must be closely linked to matters of the heart, the innate seed of human dignity and oneness.
It is often the heart that decides in transcending all barriers that divide fellow human beings.
For example, shallow socio-political expediencies have broken many a heart as family ties are destroyed. If this can happen to families, where the heart binds more strongly, we cannot imagine what it will do to a fragmented nation of “strangers".
We can fairly predict that political and ideological divisiveness can only cause further division as a result of hypocritical calls for unity among Malaysians, more fashionably calling for a “bangsa Malaysia".
At this juncture, it is apt to share the profound saying of Prophet Muhammad alluding to the importance of an “organ” which, if good, permeates throughout the person and similarly if it is bad.
That organ is the heart, metaphorically speaking. Hence the common description of the “good-hearted” or “cold-hearted". The saying goes, think with the head and act with the heart.
In times when the quest for “truth” is riddled with uncertainties, the heart often acts as the compass to bring us nearer the “truth", something that only the person and God can ascertain.
In Malay culture, there is a great reliance on “mata hati", loosely translated as the “heart’s eye” as in the “mind’s eye".
This, however, can only be discernible in those who care to tend to their hearts. If we have little time for this, not only literally speaking but more so metaphorically, we can be carried away by acts intended to divide.
This may skew the purpose of “blogging” as bluffing, lying and obscene gossiping, without any qualms or dignity.
Let us be reminded that the present “division” plaguing the neighbouring country involves a singular group of people predominantly sharing the same faith, belief, culture and values. It is their politics, in the name of “democracy", that is tearing them asunder.
So let us not be too quick to blame everything on “religion” and “faith".
In another country, thousands of monks launched a massive protest against their leaders for allegedly “suppressing” their religion.
All these must alert us to how much more sensitive we must be in articulating and navigating our political and democratic aspirations.
This is especially so for those who have hidden agendas that only their hearts (and God) can tell.
Time and again, it has been demonstrated that deception in matters of the “heart” has a way of boomeranging back on those who are callous.
Lest we learn how to cleanse our hearts (read: sincere and trustworthy), we will continue to struggle in futility and pain against our own conscience.
The best way to safeguard its sanctity is by meditating and fasting, and for the Muslims it is during this Ramadan month.
A bus of the future A bus of the future was unveiled in town yesterday.Using recycled oil palm as fuel and solar energy to operate its electrical system, the bus went on display at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in conjunction with the "1st Regional Conference on Sustainable Developement: Local Solutions For Global Problems". That bus can travel on an environment-friendly and sustainable method.Inside the bus, there will be educational computer games and energy-efficient lighting to help increase awareness of the usage of solar energy and energy-efficient equipment. The use of solar energy is very popular in Germany, Sweden, Denmark and Japan.
With solar energy, people could enjoy a sustainable, energy-efficient lifestyle minus the high cost.
AFTER 15 years as a private art tutor for primary schoolchildren, wheelchair-bound Wong Boon Lian now hopes for a chance to experience working life outside of home.
The 35-year-old from Batu Pahat, Johor, is optimistic that her newly attained degree from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in Penang would help her secure a job elsewhere.
Wong graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Geography from the School of Humanities at the third session of USM’s 38th convocation ceremony on Friday.
“I enrolled for the distance learning course four years ago because I felt it was time for an upgrade and I wanted to improve my situation,” said Wong, whose spastic condition left both her legs and her right hand weak from birth.
She said her mother accompanied her when she had to be at the campus for three weeks each year, and they put up at the university hostel.
“I had some very helpful course mates. My family and friends were all supportive and the USM environment was friendly for students with disabilities,” she said.
Wong’s parents, lorry driver Wong Pak Yang, 63, and housewife Wan Siew Kee, 55, came with her by bus.
“We are not well educated and are very happy to see our eldest child graduate through her own efforts and determination.
“She had always been the most studious and ambitious of our three children,” said Wan, who has a younger son and daughter, both in their 30s.
Other than the convocation ceremony, the annual expo attracted a large crowd.
Among the young entrepreneurs were Biological Science students Norhayati Abu, 20, and Nurhayati Basharuddin, 19, who operated a stall selling mini muffins, chocolate cupcakes, chocolate fudge cakes and banana cakes.
Norhayati, from Pendang in Kedah, said the cakes were made by her sister Sarimah, 40.
The two girls had set up their stall in the main food area on the first day of the convocation but found that people were less likely to buy their cakes after a full meal.
“We shifted away to the snacks area and business picked up,” said Norhayati.
Prolonged psychological stress may negatively impact health, such as by weakening the immune system. See negative effects of the fight-or-flight response. Stress management is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. Certain nootropics do both. Exercising to improve physical fitness, especially cardiovascular fitness, boosts the immune system and increases stress tolerance. Relaxation techniques are physical methods used to relieve stress. Examples include , progressive relaxation, and fractional relaxation. Psychological methods include cognitive therapy, meditation, and positive thinking which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills and abilities builds confidence, which also reduces the stress reaction to situations where those skills are applicable. Reducing uncertainty, by increasing knowledge and experience related to stress-causing situations, has the same effect. Learning to cope with problems better, such as improving problem solving and time management skills, may also reduce stressful reaction to problems. Repeatedly facing an object of one's fears may also desensitize the fight-or-flight response with respect to that stimulus -- e.g., facing bullies may reduce fear of bullies.
Hai to all,i would like to share an article named 'Exercise tips for Obesity Control' from the website: http//:exercise.com
1) Begin warm-up exercises before you start exercising and remember to cool down when you finish. This will ensure that there is no sudden overload in the cardiovascular system. Warm-ups can avoid cramps, prevent injuries, and redistribute blood that may have pooled in the extremities during an aerobic exercise session. 10 minutes should be allocated for warm-ups and cooling down. Example of warm up exercise; walking on the spot at moderate pace. 2) Do not hold your breath during exercise. Particularly, if you are doing resistance exercise (exercises with weights), breathe continuously.
3) Dress appropriately; wear suitable sport shoes (insoles if required) and clothes that are not too tight.
4) Keep a good posture when you exercise. This will help prevent backaches.
5) Drink enough fluids before you exercise and during your exercise if required.
6) Do not continue exercising if you feel giddy, have palpitations or experience pain. Seek advice from a medical professional if necessary before you decide to continue your exercise regime.
7) In order to become fit, plan an exercise routine for 20 to 30 minutes, at least 3 days a week. Include stretching before and after you exercise. This will help avoid injuries. Remember to start slowly and listen carefully to your body's pain messages. If it hurts badly, then you have probably overdone it.
8) If you are using exercise equipments, make sure that the equipments are suitable for you. Please ensure that the height and tolerance capacity is adjusted accordingly.
9) Talk to a doctor before starting an exercise regime. A doctor will be able to advise you according to your medical condition and tolerance levels.
10. Include suitable resistance training if you want to lose weight. Strength training is good for caloric control for two reasons :- (i) You may be able to increase the amount of lean tissue mass. With more lean issue, you'll burn more calories at rest. (ii) After a good workout, one can burn calories over the next 1 to 24 hours.
11. It is important to ensure that your exercise program is supervised by a qualified Physiotherapist. Thank you....
Hai, i would like to share a poem entitled 'LOVE FOREVER' from the website:http://www.poetryamerica.com/friendship_poems.
As long as you love me I'll stay by your side I'll be your companion Your friend and your guide
As long as you love me As long as you care I'll do anything for you I'll go anywhere
I'll bring you the sunshine I'll comfort you fears I'll gather up rainbows To chase all your tears
As long as forever My love will be true For as long as you love me I'll only love you....
MY COMMENT: LOVE....4 letter words which will combine the whole world in one hand...It will bring a sunshine in one's life..LOVE can happen between family members, friends, lovers and so on.. So friends please love others to get a true love from somebody else..THANK YOU..
Today i would like to share something important that also related to me that is TIBI.In other words is 'tuberculosis'.Scary right??But don't worry,i already have it since 4 moths ago.To be honest its totally hurt and hard for me at the first time i had been informed about this by my doctor but day after day i become more believe and not too scared.
This disease caused by bacteria that are resistant to nearly all the antibiotics normally used for TB.From 1993 to 2006, 49 cases of XDR TB were reported in the United States, the disease agency says. Other countries have many more cases. South Africa has had 600 new cases a year or more, and at least 28 other countries have also had cases, mostly from China, India and Russia.
Medical experts theorize that XDR developed from more common TB forms that became drug resistant because antibiotics were improperly used. The incorrect use occurs because even relatively ordinary TB is hard to treat, requiring taking several drugs for six months or more, even after symptoms disappear.
The drugs can have side effects like nausea that make people want to quit as soon as possible. But failing to finish the whole course is a recipe for breeding drug-resistant bacteria.
Healthy people can often fight off TB. Even among people who have close contact with a patient, 20 percent become infected. Of those, 5 percent to 10 percent develop active cases. In the rest, the immune system fights the bacteria, and the infection becomes dormant.
TB spreads when the bacteria become airborne, which can occur when someone with an active case coughs or sneezes or even speaks or sings. The bacteria can float in the air for hours, and people who inhale them can become infected.
Contrary to what many people think, according to the disease centers, TB is not spread by kissing or sharing toothbrushes or food or drink.
So now. i still have tibi and become the patient's tibi.I hope with all the medicine i ate,i will be a normal person back.Hope you guys will pray for my healthy.Thanks for reading my article.Hope you'll like it.
here I want to share about the importance of understanding organizational culture
When I was an MBA student, as part of a management course I had the opportunity to conduct a "culture assessment" at the organization where I was working. The organization was somewhat new to me--I had been hired as a senior manager only a year before--and the ability to quantify and analyze the organizational culture was a new concept to me.
As an employee in any type of organization can attest, organizational culture is as prevalent and as varied as individuals themselves. Organizational culture is enduring and complex, and may have both a positive and a negative effect on the staff and the workplace. In many ways culture will determine the survival of an organization over the long term, especially in volatile industries. Cultures that can be a liability to an organization include those that create barriers to change, create barriers to diversity or barriers to mergers and acquisitions. (Stephen P. Robbins. Organizational Behavior, 8th ed., 602-603.)
Understanding the organizational culture can help you to understand why change does not take place, or why a project fails. It will also help you to determine where to strive to make changes to the culture.
As managers and library leaders, why do we need to get a sense of the prevailing organizational culture? It is essential to understand the organizational culture if you want to make changes to how work is done, what type of work is being done, or at the broadest level, to affect the organization's standing in its industry. Understanding the culture and, as required, changing it, can mean the difference between attracting and retaining good employees and driving away the best employees with an environment that doesn't encourage, challenge, or reward them.
The organizational culture assessment that I participated in didn't provide any surprises regarding the existing culture--most people with any level of sensitivity can get a sense of what type of culture is prevalent in an organization. What was surprising were the results from the survey to determine what type of culture staff would prefer to see the organization develop.
As background, the organization had just gone through a major change. The executive director had departed after 20 years; there had been a period of several months with an acting ED followed by a new, external ED appointment. The assessment took place only a month after the new ED was in position.
my experince when go to garden trip I always remember my first glimpse of an orchid-the flower was made into a corsage that my mother wore to a party. I was mesmerized by the look and scent of this strange, exotic flower, waxy-textured, ruffled and of a hot rosy-purple. Becoming fascinated, I began to read about the faraway gardens where this type of orchid grew, and the descriptions caused me to daydream of worlds of brilliant sunshine, emerald rainforests and spicy perfumes. These exotic visions turned into reality for me, when years later, I visited an exotic garden in Central Florida's Kissimmee region called A World of Orchids, the world's largest permanent indoor flowering orchid display. Stepping inside the conservatory, I encountered one of my dream visions come to life-here was a three-quarter acre section of tropical paradise, filled with palms, ferns, exotic bamboos, bromeliads, heliconias and tropical fruit trees. Waterfalls tumbled amid showers of lush foliage, and multitudes of blossoms shone like jewels against myriad shades of green.
The orchids, prima donnas of this world, were breathtaking in their beauty. Some dangled from hanging planters or trees, confronting visitors overhead or at eye level; others starred the feet of enormous tree ferns or created cascades along walkways. Ghostly white moth orchids (Phalaenopsis) appeared to float on spindly stems; sprays of dancing lady orchid oncidium arched and dangled, flaunting curiously speckled, golden flowers; and cattleya orchids, like the one in that long-ago remembered corsage, boasted extravagant ruffles and frills. As I continued my journey along curving pathways, I discovered an amazing diversity of orchid colors--reds, yellows, oranges, pinks, purples and occasional blues. I felt as if I were standing inside a rainbow instead of a cleverly designed, climate-controlled building.
The creation of such beauty, as is so often the case, was fraught with hardship. The battle was waged in this instance against devastating storms. Founders, Kerry and Chris Richards, participants in the international orchid circuit for many years, and owners of an orchid operation in Miami, chose Central Florida as the future site for A World of Orchids, wanting to escape the hurricane belt. Hurricane Andrew, however, moved in to destroy a good part of the original orchid inventory, both propagated and purchased, housed in Miami for the planned Kissimmee exhibit. In 1993, on the day after the opening ceremonies of A World of Orchids, another great storm dislodged sections of the conservatory roof and damaged plant houses.
The eventual result, though, has been well worth the battle. Today A World of Orchids is a full production orchid facility, a place where new hybrids are created, and selected plants are cloned for mass production; plants are shipped nationwide. The business itself involves three different sites, and produces anthuriums and other exotics, as well as orchids. One production facility, specializing in rare Lady Slipper orchids, has, according to Kerry Richards, "an extremely large and valuable collection of breeding plants."
The conservatory and grounds were created as a gift to the public, providing a tranquil nature retreat. "What we've tried to offer," says Richards, "is a place for the enjoyment of the simple things in life ..." The well-labeled and informative display is also designed to educate visitors about the large, diverse orchid plant family, members of which grow on every continent except Antarctica.
Unifying link between the various species is flower structure: three inner petals and three outer petal-like sepals joined to one column, with one of the inner petals curving into a scoop or cup-shape, called the lip.
Otherwise, similarity ends--some orchids are only thimble-sized, producing flowers no larger than the tip of a toothpick, while others range to twenty-foot tall vines or boast flowers as big as dinner plates. Some produce curving flowery sprays, while others bear single blossoms at the tip of erect stems. Certain orchids, especially species orchids, have strange and interesting fragrances, such as vanillaish, chocolatey, fruity or spicy. Some have aromas that defy description, and others have no scent at all.
Garden attractions include not only orchids from all over the world, species from Southeast Asia through the Indonesian Archipelago to Central and South America, but a variety of tropical plants, many of which most of us only see growing as houseplants. Banks are planted with rosy swathes of anthuriums or "flamingo flowers." Other treasures and curiosities include various heliconias, daffodil-like Amazon lilies Eucharis grandiflora, a breadfruit tree and a cacao tree, the plant from which chocolate is extracted.
Many different tropical foliage plants form backdrops and also lend intriguing shape and texture: bold crotons, feathery bamboos, fan-like palms and ferns of every size. A venerable 75-year-old Tasmanian tree fern (Dicksonia antartica) soars toward the conservatory roof, while low, delicate maidenhairs spill airily along stream banks or beside paths.
it's all about chocolate.You must have basic to buy the suitable chocolate for your baking.I will tell you a little bit about chocolate in this article
The percentages listed on a chocolate bar represent the amount of cocoa butter and cacao solids by weight. The rest is largely sugar. Depending on the quality of the bar, there might be other additives present, like vanillin or lecithin, but they generally total less than one percent. Milk chocolate must have a certain percentage (12% minimum) of either powdered or condensed milk added as well.
Chocolate comes in the following levels of sweetness, from least to most added sugar:
* Unsweetened chocolate (which is exactly what it sounds like; it's also sometimes called baking chocolate). * Dark * Bittersweet * Semisweet * Milk Chocolate
White chocolate is made from cocoa butter, without any cocoa solids, so it's technically not chocolate at all.
Cocoa, which is key to the distinctive chocolate taste in baked goods and candies, comes in two styles: Natural (non-alkalized), and Dutch-processed (alkalized). These should not be confused with the instant sweetened versions intended for hot chocolate.
Cocoa powders are primarily used for baking, but make top-notch hot drinks when mixed with sugar to balance their bitter taste. Natural cocoas, like Hershey's or Ghirardelli, tend to be lighter in color than Dutch-processed varieties like Droste. Which is "better" on the taste front? Some bakers prefer the direct chocolate flavor of natural cocoa, while others vote for the mellowness of Dutch.
However, when using chemical leaveners (baking powder or soda), make sure to use the type of cocoa called for in the recipe. Natural cocoas are acidic enough to activate the baking soda in cakes and cookies; alkaline Dutch cocoas should be used in recipes that rely solely on baking powder for their lift.
Storing: Keep chocolate wrapped well, in a cool, dry place (not the fridge). Milk chocolate keeps for up to a year; dark for even longer. If the chocolate develops white dots or streaks on the outside, that's called "bloom." It means the cocoa butter has become un-emulsified (separated), but it's still perfectly safe to eat.
t’s a lesson every addict needs to learn: Drug addiction never goes down without fight. The addiction recovery process, in the end, is and must be a trying ordeal; no one achieves meaningful drug recovery, you might say, without struggling a little along the way. But make no mistake: Getting sober in a drug treatment center is the most important thing you’ll ever do. If you or someone you care about has succumbed to drug abuse and drug dependency, drug rehab is your last best chance to rediscover life as you used to know it, and yourself as you used to be. There’s too much at stake not to let drug treatment work for you. The key to beating drug addiction, of course, lies in understanding drug addiction. You can’t cope with what you can’t see, after all, and that addict who enters a drug addiction treatment center without knowing the facts about drug addiction itself is effectively fighting blind. In the end, there’s no substitute for self-education in the drug addiction treatment process.
And that education, in turn, will only go so far as you take it. No one can make you learn about drug addiction if you don’t want to; no one can help you beat drug addiction if you won’t help yourself. Your success or failure in a drug addiction treatment center has ultimately got to be up to you, and no addict who fails to play an active role in his own healing can ever expect to achieve any kind of meaningful drug addiction recovery.
Friendster is an Internet social network service. The Friendster site was founded in Mountain View, California, United States by Roland Gochangco in March 2002 and is privately owned. Friendster is based on the Circle of Friends and Web of Friends techniques for networking individuals in virtual communities and demonstrates the small world phenomenon.[citation needed] It currently has more than 70 million members worldwide and is mostly used in Asia.Based on Alexa.com, Friendster ranked 2nd most visited website in the Philippines while Yahoo! is the most visited website in the Philippines, and third party friendster-layouts.com is 16th.It is estimated that nearly 90 percent of internet users in the Philippines have Friendster accounts.David Jones, vice president for global marketing of Friendster, said that "the biggest percentage of users is from the Philippines, clocking in with 39 percent of the site's traffic."
Also, it caters to men and women interested in meeting people due to different reasons. Such reasons are: looking for friends; looking for activity partners; relationship with men; relationship with women; or just looking around(see www.frienster.com).
Nicholas Sparks writes about a young man and woman in 1958 on the coast in Morehead City in Beaufort, North Carolina. This is the story of their first love. Morehead City is the type of town where the kids walk around barefoot from April through October and the townspeople wave hello from their cars whether they know the person or not. Landon Carter is a seventeen-year-old high school senior whose father is a United States congressman. He and his father are strangers --- his father is on the road quite a bit of the time and he spends the majority of time being raised by his mother. His father insists that he needs to run for student body president to increase his chances of getting into a good college. His father believes that "We Carters always win" and he wants to mold Landon into a miniature version of himself.
Landon wins the election and one of his responsibilities is attending the homecoming dance. Due to the fact he has just broken up with his girlfriend, he doesn't have a date and in a panic, he pulls out his yearbook and scans the pages for someone available. He finally decides on Jamie Sullivan, a junior, who is the minister's daughter, knowing that nobody else will ask her to the dance. Jamie wears old sweaters, plaid skirts and her hair up in a bun. She carries the Bible wherever she goes and believes that whatever happens in life is according to the Lord's plan. She is obviously not your typical high school student and not someone in whom Landon or his friends would be interested.
Both Landon and Jamie star in the school Christmas play that Jamie's father has written. The play details the personal story of his life after his wife's death and his search for love and the meaning of life within his daughter. Jamie plays the angel and Landon, the lead male role. Over time, in rehearsals and occasional talks together on her front porch, Landon starts to like Jamie. As a result, he becomes a better person, helping her do good deeds and accompanying her to the orphanage. The opening night of the play, he is amazed when he first sees her walk on the stage dressed as an angel, with her hair loose and flowing down her back. She glitters onstage and he falls for her true beauty.
With plot twists and turns and an untold secret that will change their lives forever, Landon and Jamie fall in love. Pain and sorrow lie ahead but the story lets you believe in the power of love and that dreams do come true. Their story is unforgettable and as you wipe your tears away, you come to an unbelievable end --- the sort of story that only Nicholas Sparks can tell.
INSIDE OUT GIRL by TISH COHEN...
INSIDE OUT GIRL is a book for adults about children. It takes a sympathetic and sensitive look at the hidden lives of youngsters, sees what they see and tells us how they feel --- about bullying, pop culture and even being gay.
Len Bean is a widower trying, often desperately, to raise Olivia, a six-year-old with "special needs," in this case a learning disorder that gives her the appearance of a higher-than-average verbal intelligence masking a total inability to understand what people are trying to tell her. If you tell Olivia "You're pulling my leg," her eyes go to your legs. Olivia thinks, hopes, that every day is her birthday and keeps on believing that children, any children, will come to her party. For Len, life is less than a party, knowing as he does that Olivia will repel rather than attract other kids, and will need a high level of personal care all her life. Len meets Rachel Berman on the roadside, where he is trying ineptly to change a tire while looking out for the obstreperous Olivia. Rachel knows how to change a tire. She is the highly competent managing editor of a children's magazine called Perfect Parent, which has been losing sales lately because the reality of parenting is less than perfect. She takes time out of her packed schedule, which includes monitoring her two adolescent kids and unruly mother, to help Len, whose specialty is divorce and adoption law. His profession is part of the attraction --- that and Olivia, whose gun-metal gray eyes speak volumes to Rachel, reminding her starkly of a secret in her past that will come to light in the course of her crisis-to-crisis life as a single mom trying to engage in a courtship after a bad divorce.
As Len and Rachel become something more than friends, Olivia innocently believes that Janie and Dustin are her friends as well. She can't understand that people in their early teen years would rather, in the parlance of Janie and Dustin's favorite made-up game, "kiss a dead body crawling with a million trillion maggots" than be seen hanging out in public with a special needs kid. This leads to a terrible betrayal of Olivia. But worse is to come.
Thoughts of Olivia, and her growing affection for the child, have unlocked a Pandora's box of feelings in Rachel. Olivia's needs link Rachel back to her long-hidden past sins. And Len has something else going --- something worse, something that threatens Olivia's future in the most crucial way. But neither of them wants to talk about it. Until Olivia gets lost while the two families are out together experimenting in blending, and a Code Adam is released. Her loss and recovery signal that it's time to talk.
Through the eyes of Olivia and Rachel's kids, Dustin and Janie, we are led into the often seamy underworld of junior high school. At 14 Janie is pretty sure she's a lesbian --- that's a tough revelation for someone her age and made more so by her frustrated crush on Tabitha, a rich girl, a snob, one of the in-crowd. By guile and shameless fawning, Janie manages to worm her way into Tabitha's inner circle, and through careful plotting she gets her alone in her bedroom and sets up for a kiss. Not surprisingly her best-planned lay becomes the perfect storm of disgrace, with ripples of cruel gossip and mistreatment in its wake. Janie wants to die, but the alternative is to go ahead and have sex with a boy, to white-wash her public image, and punish herself for her stupidity in loving a girl. And she might have succeeded in charting her self-destruction --- but it is miraculously, if unconventionally, rescued by the despised and ignored Olivia.
INSIDE OUT GIRL is a crisp and involving novel that all parents would enjoy, and it's entirely suitable for older teens as well. Without the slightest hint of preaching, it throws a sympathetic lifeline to single parents. It gives excellent insight into what it must be like to raise a child with special needs, especially those of a more perplexing, less socially understood sort. It shows how trying to be the "perfect parent" can lead to pitfalls, and reveals some broader definitions of love and caring within and beyond the conventional family.
Blue Whale?? blue whale, a baleen whale, Balaenoptera musculus. Also called the sulphur-bottom whale and Sibbald's rorqual, it is the largest animal that has ever lived. Blue whales have been known to reach a length of 100 ft (30.5 m) and to weigh as much as 120 tons; average length is about 75 ft (23 m). The blue whale is slate blue in color and has a dorsal fin. It is toothless and has fringed baleen, or whalebone, plates in its mouth, which act as a food strainer. As water is expelled from the whale's mouth, plankton is trapped behind the strainer. The neck of the blue whale has 80 to 100 conspicuous furrows called ventral grooves, which alternately expand and contract as the animal takes in and expels water. The blue whale is cosmopolitan in distribution. In summer it inhabits polar seas, feeding in the water of melting icepacks; in winter it migrates to warmer latitudes, occasionally reaching the equator. Mating occurs at the end of winter, with a single calf born every second or third year, after a gestation period of 10 to 11 months. The calf is nursed for 6 months and reaches puberty in about 3 years. Blue whales may live 100 years or more. Because of extensive whaling, their numbers have been reduced from an estimated 400,000 to about 12,000, and they are listed as endangered. They are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Cetacea, family Balaenopteridae
Today,i wold like to share about The UEFA Cup, which will be renamed the UEFA Europa League in 2009/10, grew out of an idea conceived by Switzerland's Ernst Thommen who, along with Italy's Ottorino Barrasi and England's Sir Stanley Rous, later FIFA President, created a tournament for representative sides from European cities that regularly held trade fairs.
This forerunner to the UEFA Cup, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, was founded on 18 April 1955, two weeks after the founding of the European Champion Clubs' Cup. The first Fairs Cup involved teams from Barcelona, Basle, Birmingham, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Lausanne, Leipzig, London, Milan and Zagreb. The original tournament lasted three years, with matches timed to coincide with trade fairs. Barcelona, using players purely from FC Barcelona, beat a London representative side 8-2 on aggregate in the final
Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with low quality preparation and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away. The term "fast food" was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam-Webster in 1951.[1]
Outlets may be stands or kiosks, which may provide no shelter or seating,[2] or fast food restaurants (also known as quick service restaurants). Franchise operations which are part of restaurant chains have standardized foodstuffs shipped to each restaurant from central locations.[3]
The capital requirements involved in opening up a fast food restaurant are relatively low. Smaller, individually-owned fast food restaurants are becoming much more common throughout the world. Restaurants with much higher sit-in ratios, where customers tend to sit and have their orders brought to them in a seemingly more upscale atmosphere, are known as fast casual restaurants
Health Issue Trans fats which are commonly found in fast food have been shown in many tests to have a negative health effect on the body. A 2006 study[23] fed monkeys a diet consisting of a similar level of trans fats as what a person who ate fast food regularly would consume. Both diets contained the same overall number of calories. It was found that the monkeys who consumed higher level of trans fat developed more abdominal fat than those fed a diet rich in unsaturated fats. They also developed signs of insulin resistance, which is an early indicator of diabetes. After six years on the diet, the trans fat fed monkeys had gained 7.2% of their body weight, compared to just 1.8% in the unsaturated fat group.
The director of the obesity program for the Children's Hospital Boston, David Ludwig, claims that "fast food consumption has been shown to increase calorie intake, promote weight gain, and elevate risk for diabetes".[24] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ranked obesity as the number one health threat for Americans in 2004.[25] It is the second leading cause of preventable death in the United Sates and results in 400,000 deaths each year.[25] About 60 million American adults are classified as being obese with another 127 million being overweight.[25] Health issues associated with obesity causes economic despair regarding health care. According to a 2003 study conducted by RTI International in North Carolina, the cost of health care in America is said to increase by $93 billion a year, mainly from Type 2 diabetes and heart disease, both associated with obesity.[24]
Excessive calories are another issue with fast food. A regular but not overly filling meal at McDonald's of a Big Mac, large fries, and a large Coca-Cola drink amounts to 1430 calories. A diet of approximately 2000 calories is considered a healthy amount of calories for an entire day (which is different depending on several factors such as weight, height, physical activity and gender).
In my opinion,everyone in this world love fast food like KFC.I am also love it very much.Actually,fast food not suitable for our health bacause it can cause many disease..
A drug, broadly speaking, is any chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in medicine, government regulations, and colloquial usage.
In pharmacology, Dictionary.com defines a drug as "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being." Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.
Recreational drugs are chemical substances that affect the central nervous system, such as opioids or hallucinogens. They may be used for perceived beneficial effects on perception, consciousness, personality, and behavior. Some drugs can cause addiction and habituation.
Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemicals by being introduced from outside the organism.[citation needed] For example, insulin is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside the body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug.[citation needed]
Many natural substances such as beers, wines, and some mushrooms, blur the line between food and drugs, as when ingested they affect the functioning of both mind and body.
Actually,drug is not good for our health if we take a lot.it can cause many disease..so don't take it a lot.
Just read an article about childhood. This let me refresh back about my unforgettable childhood. Have you have an memorable childhood? I got. I spend my childhood at a small single story house and the house is situated at further most of the road, with a small garden beside it. Inside the small garden, my parents plant sugar cane, guava trees, pandan leaves, banana trees, some vegetables, pineapple, chilies trees, sweet potatoes and some other fruits’ trees that I cannot recognize their name. Since there are so many plants in the garden, there are many other insects too, the caterpillar, lady birds, grasshopper, praying mantes, crickets, spiders are my siblings and my pets , or can consider toy. There are bats, owl and birds too. We always chase after them when we are still children as we always lack of toy that time. What a wonderful childhood for me. Feel free to do anything I want without need to bother any assignment, homeworks or projects. Sometimes will think that it’s hard to become a mature person. Growing up is a necessary and I can do nothing to stop it! I have to face circumstances by my ownselves. Sometimes feel like want to yell help!!! Sometimes I murmur to god that can everything being stopped…I’m tired… But I always talk to myself, don’t give up kahui, you can do it, you surely can overcome this hardship…I always have to coax myself to become stronger… The process of growing up is hard, as hard as a larva is transforming into a butterfly, I hope, the hardship I face, will lead my life to a beautiful one, as beautiful as a butterfly.
Powerful symbol among many cultures, regal in some Common Name: Tiger (English) Harimau, Pak Belang or Datuk Harimau (Bahasa Melayu) Scientific Name: Panthera tigris jacksoni (Malayan Tiger) Habitat: Lowland dipterocarp forests Status: IUCN: Critically Endangered Population: Peninsular Malaysia approx. 490 adult individuals
Background The largest cat of all, the tiger (Panthera tigris) is a powerful symbol among the different cultures that share its home. Over the past 100 years, tiger numbers have dropped by 95% and three sub-species; the Bali (P. t. balica), Caspian (P. t. virgata), and Javan (P. t. sondaica) tigers have become extinct — with a fourth not seen in the wild for over 25 years.
There are six remaining living sub-species: • Amur tiger (P. t. altaica) • Bengal tiger (P. t. tigris) • Indo-Chinese tiger (P. t. corbetti) • Malayan tiger (P. t. jacksoni) • South China tiger (P. t. amoyensis) • Sumatran tiger (P. t. sumatrae) Physical and species description The Malayan tiger (P. t. jacksoni) is found throughout Peninsular Malaysia and named after Peter Jackson, the famous tiger conservationist. It was classified as the Indochinese tiger until DNA testing in December 2004 showed it to be a separate sub-species. Locally known as harimau, Pak Belang or Datuk Harimau, they number at least 490 - mainly in Kelantan, Terengganu, Perak, and Pahang. The Malayan tiger is also found in peat swamps although they prefer lowland dipterocarp forests.
The tigers’ stripes are like finger prints; no two tigers have the same stripe pattern. With round pupils and yellow irises, the night vision of tigers is six times better than that of humans. Coupled with their short heavily muscled forelegs and long, sharp, retractable claws, this makes them good hunters. The mark of the Chinese character Wang (meaning king) sits on their forehead. Predominately solitary except for maternal bonding and during mating, tigers occupy territories that they defend against same sex intruders.
These carnivorous mammals instinctively avoid human beings and will only attack people if they are provoked, injured or unable to hunt for their usual food.
Colour Tigers have reddish-orange to yellow-ochre coats with black stripes and a white belly.
Ecology, Habitat & Distribution The largest cat of all Tigers in Malaysia are found mainly found in Kelantan, Terengganu, Perak, and Pahang. There are no tigers in the east Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. This magnificent creature is widely distributed throughout Peninsular Malaysia except for islands and certain small states such as Perlis, Penang, and Malacca.
Social Structure Tigers are predominately solitary creatures except for maternal bonding and during mating. They occupy exclusive territories that they defend against intruders of the same sex by marking with urine and scrapes at boundaries.
Life cycle After a gestation period of around 103 days, litters of around two or three tiger cubs are born to a tigress. For the next 6-8 weeks, cubs live only on their mother’s milk before she begins taking them to kill to feed.
Breeding Mating season happens throughout the year, although it has been suggested that tiger reproduction, in Peninsular Malaysia, might have a seasonal peak around November to March.
Female tigers reach maturity when they are about 3 years old, a year ahead of males. When they finally leave their mother’s territory – anywhere from a year and a half to three years of age – females tend to stay closer to their mother’s range.
Diet Tigers are carnivores and are specialised predators of large-hoofed mammals. In Malaysia, the main tiger-prey species are wild boar, Sambar deer, and medium-sized mammals such as Barking deer (muntjak).
Population and distribution The Malayan tiger is found in peat swamps although they prefer lowland dipterocarp forests. A habitat generalist, there are estimated to be at least 490 individual adult tigers in the forests of Peninsular Malaysia. There are no tigers in Sabah and Sarawak.
Threats Pressure from all sides
Hunting, Poaching, and Illegal Trade For over 1,000 years, tigers have been hunted as status symbols, decorative items such as wall and floor coverings, as souvenirs and curios, and for use in traditional Asian medicines. Hunting for sport probably caused the greatest decline in tiger populations up until the 1930s. By the early 1990s, trade in tiger bone for traditional medicines threatened to drive tigers to extinction. Thanks to increased conservation, trade control and promotion of tiger bone substitutes, tiger-based medicines are now less accessible. Protected throughout their range, international trade in tiger parts and derivatives is today illegal. However, poaching persistently feeds continuing demand for various tiger body parts, with skins now appearing as the major form of trade.
Habitat and Prey Loss Less than a hundred years ago, tigers prowled the forests of eastern Turkey and the Caspian region of Western Asia, across to the Indian subcontinent, China, and Indochina, south to Indonesia, and north to the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far East. But growing human populations, particularly since the 1940s, have both contracted and fragmented the tiger’s former range. Although extensive habitat is available, agriculture, logging and rapid development — especially road networks — are forcing tigers into small, scattered pockets. Tigers need large territories, so reduced habitat means that fewer tigers can survive in the wild. In addition, isolated populations are more prone to inbreeding, and small islands of habitat are more accessible to poachers than large tracts of natural forest. Along with habitat loss, tigers have suffered from severe loss of natural prey populations — in particular, wild deer, goats, sheep, and pigs — either due to direct hunting by people or through competition with domestic animals.
Conflict with Humans As tigers continue to lose their habitat and prey species, they are increasingly coming into conflict with humans as they attack domestic animals — and sometimes people. The cost for farmers can be high: for example, livestock loss due to tigers is estimated to have cost over RM 1 million in the last decade in Terengganu. In retaliation, tigers are sometimes killed by angry villagers, captured and kept in zoos or killed by the authorities as the last resort.
COMMENT: As an physics based student, my focus is not only limited to machine and technologies. The extinction of wild animal worth our attention too. The most useful method to help prevent the further extinction of tiger is we should not take or use any products made from tiger for example fur coat. Tiger are widely hunted as every single part of their bodies is dissected for use in traditional Asian medicine for example tiger bones, believed to contain high medicinal properties, are popular on the black market in Asia. If there is no require, there will be no supply and the hunting of tiger can be reduced. In conclusion, we should stay hand in hand to protect the animals which are facing the problems of extinction so that our next generation will still recognise them in the wild but not on the encyclopaedia.
IT organizations have been caught between a rock and a hard place. Charged with protecting their company's information, IT organizations have established aggressive service level agreements (SLAs) that impact the manner in which they implement data protection by setting recovery point objectives (RPO) and recovery time objectives (RTO).Organizations struggle with shrinking or non-existent backup windows, the need to recover quickly, often to a specific point in time, and even meeting compliance or regulatory guidelines. Backing up to tape is no longer adequate; not only is it difficult to administer for backups and recoveries, but it lacks the speed, reliability, flexibility and simplicity IT needs to meet stringent SLAs. Backing up to disk using virtual tape emulation or virtual tape libraries also falls short as the administration of the solution is tape-centric and schedule driven. Add in the explosion of data, along with the challenge of protecting remote offices, and you have the challenge facing many of today's business--with IT sitting on the front lines of aligning business needs with today's technology.As a result, a growing number of IT organizations are augmenting their traditional backup and recovery strategies with continuous data protection (CDP) solutions. CDP dramatically improves RPOs and RTOs while eliminating backup windows. What's more, CDP not only reduces the need for tape in the backup and recovery process but it also makes recovery easy enough that users can often recover their own files, without help from IT.
To my utter delight, at last there is a book that lashes out at the spectra of thinness and beauty that sets off millions of our young girls, on an obsessive path of starvation and self-punishment.
Perfecting oneself has been mainly a matter of self-discipline and education for the most major part of human history. The association of perfection and thinness is a mysterious recent phenomenon, which is hard to explain. For young girls it’s a difficult cycle to get out of — media pressures, the continuous barrages of images of successful, “thin” women on screen and television, pages and volumes of slimming diets and exercises exhorting an “all out war” on fat. This in turn creates a paradigm of personal based on one’s body weight and “slim and trim” looks. It does not take time for it to develop in to a full-scale obsession, and the focal point of the lives of millions of young girls. And no wonder anorexia and bulimia have now become two of the commonest psychiatric disorders in this age group.
Writer and columnist from Colorado, Courtney Martin’s new book Perfect Girls, Starving Daughters: The Frightening New Normalcy of Hating Your Body launches a scathing attack on a new generation of over-achieving, obsessive-compulsive “perfect girls,” who have taken self-flagellation (nutritionally) to the extremes, into a danger zone of no return.
“Perfect girls feel we could always lose five more pounds. We get into good colleges, but we’re angry if we don’t get into every college we’ve applied to. We’re the captains of the basketball teams, the soccer teams, the swimming champs, the boxes full of blue ribbons. We take ourselves very very seriously. We’re on time, overly prepared, well read, and witty, intellectually curious always. We’re living contradictions. We’re social smokers, secretly happy that cigarette smoking speeds up our metabolism. We pride ourselves on getting as little sleep as possible, and thrive on self-deprivation. We never want to be as passive-aggressive as our mothers, we never want to marry men as uninspiring as our fathers. We are the daughters of feminist who said you can do anything. We must get A’s, we must make money, we must save the world. We are the anorexics, the bulimics, the over-exercisers, the over-eaters. We must be perfect. We must make it look effortless.” In Courtney’s words, this cultural obsession with thinness is therefore an all-pervasive way of self-perfection for many young girls, often oblivious of the immense self-harm.
But Courtney takes the meaning of “starving daughters” to another level in her book — starving for recognition, self-esteem, feelings of guilt due to our imperfections. It is this obsessive facade of perfection that soon consumes normalcy, and sets off millions of young girls on the road to acquiring a dysfunctional body image, through eating disorders.
Although your body burns some stored fat when you exercise, its main fuel is carbohydrate that's been stored in the muscles and liver in the form of glycogen. When your glycogen stores are depleted, your body will indeed tap more of its fat reserves, just as Nocton's client anticipated--but at what price? Without readily available fuel, you're not likely to feel too energetic. "And you won't burn more of anything if you can't muster the enthusiasm to master your toughest sets," says Nocton. "On the other hand, if you eat before exercise, whether it's a large meal several hours in advance or a small snack only minutes ahead of time, you'll have the extra oomph you need for an energetic and effective workout."
Here's the reason: Before carbohydrate is tucked away in your muscles and liver as glycogen, it enters your bloodstream in the form of glucose (also called blood sugar), a readily available source of energy that helps perk you up when you're feeling hungry and fatigued. If the glycogen stored in your muscles and liver is low, your body can rely on glucose for fuel; if you already have a fair amount of stored glycogen, your body will use the glucose as a secondary source of energy and spare the glycogen. "It means that you have two sources of fuel as opposed to one, so you can last a lot longer," says Jackie Berning, RD, a sports nutritionist and assistant professor in the department of biology at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs.
Something else you should consider is that the muscles and liver can only store so much glycogen. It's important to "top off" your reserves fairly often, even if you haven't been doing much: During a long night's sleep, the body depletes as much as 80 percent of the glycogen stored in the liver. "That's why eating a little something before you exercise in the morning can really help," says Nocton. Moreover, it doesn't take long to deplete stored glycogen during exercise, and it gets used up even faster when the weather is warm. "If you're playing an intense tennis match without having eaten and it's warm outside, it may take only 30 to 40 minutes before you deplete your glycogen," says Berning. Eating before a match will not only help you last a lot longer, it will also help settle the gastric juices that make your stomach growl and ward off the feelings of lightheadness and fatigue that can make it difficult to perform well.
“Keep that estrogen level up, my lady” seemed like a great motto for American Academy of Neurology’s 59th Annual Meeting. A study announced earlier this month at AAN’s 59th annual meeting shows that women who use hormone therapy before the age of 65 can cut their risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease or dementia. The study found that women who used any form of estrogen hormone therapy before the age of 65 were nearly 50 percent less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease or dementia than women who did not use hormone therapy before age 65. The research was conducted by Stanford University professor and AAN fellow Dr. Victor W. Henderson as a part of the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study, which is a sub-study of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). The WHI is one of the largest U.S. prevention studies of post-menopausal women. The study looked at prior hormone uses in 7,153 healthy women, who aged between 65-79 years, before they were enrolled in the WHI Memory Study. Researchers followed the women’s cognitive health over an average of five years, during which only 106 of the total developed Alzheimer’s disease or dementia. Dr. Henderson announced, “We found that it didn’t matter how old the woman was when she started hormone therapy, how long or recently she took it or what kind of prior therapy she used.” The reduced risk of dementia was seen only with prior hormone therapy, used before one’s enrollment in the study. Women who began estrogen-only therapy after the age of 65 or during the WHI Memory Study had roughly a 50-percent increased risk of developing dementia. The risk jumped to nearly double for women who used estrogen-plus-progestin hormone therapy. Dr. Henderson also said that further studies are needed to support their findings and learn more about how hormone therapy can affect the long-term cognitive health of women who begin the use before age of 65.
Sony Ericsson is a joint venture established on October 3, 2001 by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to make mobile phones. The stated reason for this venture is to combine Sony's consumer electronics expertise with Ericsson's technological leadership in the communications sector. Both companies have stopped making their own mobile phones.The company's global management is based in Hammersmith, London, and it has research & development teams in Sweden, Japan, China, Germany, the United States, India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom. As of 2007, it was the fourth-largest cellphone manufacturer in the world after Nokia, Motorola and Samsung. • Recent performance While Sony Ericsson has been enjoying strong growth recently, its South Korean rival LG Electronics overtook it in Q1 2008 due to the company's profits falling significantly by 43% to €133 million (approx. US$ 193.6746 million [1]), sales falling by 8% and market share dropping from 9.4% to 7.9%, despite favourable conditions that the handset market is expected to grow by 10% in 2008. Sony Ericsson announced another profit warning in June 2008[2] and saw net profit crash by 97% in Q2 2008, announcing that it would cut 2,000 jobs, leading to wide fear that Sony Ericsson is on the verge of decline along with its struggling rival, Motorola.[3] Sony Ericsson has, as of July 18, 2008, approximately 9,400 employees and 2,500 contractors worldwide. Hideki Komiyama is the president of the company since November 1, 2007 when he replaced Miles Flint. The Corporate Executive Vice President is Anders Runevad. History Troubles in Ericsson's mobile phone business In the United States, Ericsson partnered with General Electric in the early nineties, primarily to establish a US presence and brand recognition. Ericsson had decided to source on chips for its phones from a single source, a Philips facility in New Mexico. In March 2000, a fire at the Philips factory contaminated the sterile facility. Philips assured Ericsson and Nokia (the other major customer of the facility) that production would be delayed by less than a week. When it became clear that production would actually be compromised for months, Ericsson was faced with a serious shortage. Nokia had already begun to obtain parts from alternative sources, but Ericsson's position was much worse as both production of current models and the launch of new ones was held up.[4] Ericsson, which had been in the cellular phone market for decades and was the world no. 3 cellular telephone handset maker was struggling with huge losses inspite of booming sales since 2000 due to this fire and its inability to produce cheaper and attractive phones like its competitor Nokia. To curtail the losses, it was thinking of outsourcing production to Asian companies that can produce the handset for lower costs. Speculation had begun about a possible sale by Ericsson of its mobile phone division but the company's president said that it had no plans to do that. "Mobile phones is really a core business for Ericsson. We wouldn't be as successful (in networks) if we didn't have phones," he said. Background of the joint venture Sony was a marginal player in the worldwide cell phone market with a share of less than 1 percent in 2000. It was also struggling in this area with losses but wanted to focus more in this area. In April 2001, Sony confirmed that it was in talks with Ericsson for a possible collaboration in the handset business. This was soon after Toshiba and Siemens had announced plans in November 2000 to work together on handsets for 3G mobile networks. By August 2001, the two companies had finalized the terms of the merger announced in April. The company was to have an initial workforce of 3,500 employees. Early troubles Inspite of having aimed to be profitable in its very first year, Ericsson's market share actually fell and in August 2002, Ericsson said it would stop making mobile phones and end its partnership with Sony if the business continues to disappoint even as Sony said it was fully committed to the joint venture and wanted to make it a success. However, in January 2003, both companies said they would inject more money into the joint venture in a bid to stem the losses. Sony Ericsson's strategy was to release new models capable of digital photography as well as other multimedia capabilities such as downloading and viewing video clips and personal information management capabilities. To this end, it released several new models which had built-in digital camera and color screen which were novelties at that time. The high-end P800 which featured a built-in camera and PDA attributes was successful and helped in turning around. The joint venture, however, continued to make bigger losses inspite of booming sales. Thus, it kept postponing its target date for making a profit from its first year to 2002 to 2003 to second half of 2003. It even failed in its mission of becoming the top seller of multimedia handsets and was in fifth-place and struggling in 2003. Turnaround Beginning of the turnaround In June 2003, Sony Ericsson said it will stop making CDMA cellphones for the US market and will focus on GSM which was and remains the dominant technology. It also slashed jobs in research and development in USA and Germany. In October 2003, it posted its first quarterly profit but warned that falling prices on phones and competition would make it difficult to stay in black. Sony Ericsson's recovery is credited to the success of the T610 model. Following the success of its P800 phone, Sony Ericsson introduced the P900 at simultaneous events in Las Vegas and Beijing in October 2003. It was pegged as smaller, faster, simpler and more flexible than its predecessor. In March 2004, Ericsson said it would try to block its rival Nokia from gaining control of Symbian, an industry consortium that makes operating software for smart phones. In 2004, Sony Ericsson's market share increased from 5.6 percent in the first quarter to 7 percent in the second quarter. In July 2004, Sony Ericsson unveiled the P910 communicator with its integrated thumbboard, broad e-mail support, quadruple memory and improved screen. In February 2005, Sony Ericsson president Miles Flint announced at the 3GSM World Congress that Sony Ericsson will unveil a mobile phone-cum-digital music player in the next month. It would be called the Walkman phone and would play music file formats such as MP3 and AAC. Success with Walkman phones and beyond On March 1, 2005, Sony Ericsson introduced the K750i with a 2 megapixel camera, the W800i, the first of the highly successful Walkman phones capable of doing 30 hours of music playback and two low-end phones. On May 1, 2005, Sony Ericsson agreed to become the global title sponsor for the WTA Tour in a deal worth 88 million US dollars over 6 years. The women's pro tennis circuit was renamed the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour. Just over a month later on June 7, it announced sponsorship of West Indian batsmen Chris Gayle and Ramnaresh Sarwan. In October 2005, Sony Ericsson presented the first mobile phone based on UIQ 3, the P990. On January 2, 2007, Sony Ericsson announced in Stockholm that it will be having some of its mobile phones produced in India. It announced that its two outsourcing partners, Lextronic and Foxconn will be producing 10 million cellphones per year by 2009. CEO Miles Flint announced at a press conference held with India's communications minister Dayanidhi Maran in Chennai that India was one of the fastest growing markets in the world and a priority market for Sony Ericsson with 105 million users of GSM mobile telephones. On February 2, 2007, Sony Ericsson acquired UIQ Technology, a Swedish software company from Symbian Ltd.. UIQ will remain an independent company, Miles Flint announced.[5] On 15 October 2007, Sony Ericsson announced on Symbian Smartphone Show that they will be selling half of its UIQ share to Motorola thus making UIQ technology owned by two large mobile phone companies. Types of phones Main areas of interest
The Sony Ericsson K750i is one of the most successful Sony Ericsson products. Sony Ericsson currently concentrates on the categories of: music, camera, business (web and email), design, all-rounder, and budget focused phones. Its four largest categories are: • The Walkman-branded W series music phones, launched in 2005. The Sony Ericsson W-series music phones are notable for being the first music-centric series mobile phones, prompting a whole new market for portable music that was developing at the time. Sony Ericsson's Walkman phones have previously been commercially endorsed by pop stars Christina Aguilera and Jason Kay across Europe. • The Cyber-Shot-branded line of phones, launched in 2006 in newer models of the K series phones. This range of phones are focused on the quality of the camera included with the phone. Cyber-shot phones always include a flash, some with a xenon flash, and also include auto-focus cameras. Sony Ericsson kicked off its global marketing campaign for Cyber-shot phone with the launch of 'Never Miss a Shot'. The campaign featured top female tennis players Ana Ivanović and Daniela Hantuchová. On 10 February 2008, the series has been expanded with the announcement of C702 and C902 phones. • The BRAVIA-branded line of phones, launched in 2007 Japan market only. Now, two mobile phones (FOMA SO903iTV and FOMA SO906i) uses BRAVIA brand. BRAVIA branded phone are able to watch 1seg terrestrial television. • The UIQ smartphone range of mobiles, introduced with the P series in 2003 with the introduction of P800. They are notable for their touchscreens, QWERTY keypads (on most models), and use of the UIQ interface Platform from Symbian OS. This has since expanded into the M series and G series phones. • The Xperia range of mobile phones, heralded by the Sony Ericsson XPERIA X1 on February 2008 at the Mobile World Congress (formerly 3GSM) held in Barcelona Spain , had opened the door for integration of Windows Mobile Operating System into Sony Ericsson powerhouse smartphones. XPERIA was the first trademark promoted by the Sony Ericsson as its own and is designated to provide technological convergence among its target user base -ei_zul-
Teen pregnancy: Female juvenile offenders engage in sexual activity at an earlier age than non-offenders, putting them at higher risk of sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancy. For many young women, teen pregnancy is a virtual guarantee of poverty and long-term reliance on welfare. Most teen mothers drop out of high school and remain single most of their young adult years. They earn an average of $5,600 annually, less than half the poverty-level income. More than 60 percent of African-American and half of all Hispanic teen mothers are concentrated in poor, racially segregated neighborhoods that have poor housing, high crime rates, and inadequate schools. Many teen mothers have been victims of sexual abuse. Adolescent mothers are more likely to raise a child who goes to prison than mothers who delay having children until their early 20s (Robin Hood Foundation, 1996).
English is a west Germanic language originating in England and is the first language for most people in United States, United Kingdom, Canada,Australia , New Zealand , Ireland and Anglophone Caribbean. It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language throughout the world, especially in Commonwealth countries and in many international organisations. Modern English , sometimes described as the first global lingua franca is the dominant international language in communications, science, business, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy. The initial reason for its enormous spread beyond the bounds of the British Isles where it was originally a native tongue was the British Empire, and by the late nineteenth century its influence had won a truly global reach. It is the dominant language in the United States and the growing economic and cultural influence and status as a global superpower since World War II has significantly accelerated adoption of English as a language across the planet.
A working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of fields, occupations and professions such as medicine and as a consequence over a billion people speak English to at least a basic level (see English language learning and teaching).
Linguists such as David Crystal recognize that one impact of this massive growth of English, in common with other global languages, has been to reduce native linguistic diversity in many parts of the world historically, most particularly in Australasia and North America, and its huge influence continues to play an important role in language attrition. By a similar token, historical linguists, aware of the complex and fluid dynamics of language change, are always alive to the potential English contains through the vast size and spread of the communities that use it and its natural internal variety, such as in its creoles and pidgins, to produce a new family of distinct languages over time.
English is one of six official languages of the United Nations.
All of us know what it is to feel stressed at one time or another. In fact, according to the American Psychological Association, 43 percent of all adults suffer adverse health effects from stress. Furthermore, 75 to 90 percent of visits to a doctor are for stress-related complaints. Stress takes a toll on our lives, our jobs, our health, and our relationships.
The symptoms of stress vary from individual to individual. People suffering from stress may lose their appetite, experience disrupted sleep, or have such physical symptoms as an upset stomach, excessive sweating, diarrhea, heart palpitations, or lowered energy. Psychological symptoms might include feeling anxious, depressed or worried.
Stress puts us in a position of being responsible to accomplish more than we're able to. When we feel stressed we're unable to do the things which give us pleasure because we're too busy dealing with all we are faced with. Stress may also affect relationships with others who may assume that the person under stress is angry with them.
What causes stress differs from person to person. Each of us has different weaknesses or vulnerabilities and differing comfort levels. One person might look forward to Thanksgiving with anticipation as one of the few times the family gets together. Another might dread the holiday because the holiday brings back unpleasant memories. For that individual, Thanksgiving becomes a cause of stress. Some of us thrive on busy schedules, moving easily from one demanding activity to another. Such an individual's stress level may be much higher than that of the person who can comfortably handle just one decision or activity at a time.
There is also often a difference in handling short-term stress in contrast to anticipating long-term or prolonged stress. We can be pretty sure that short-term stress is going to end soon. Experienced teachers, for example, know that the first week or two of school is particularly stressful and manage to cope with the difficulties of crying children, missing books, and room changes with equanimity because they've learned things will eventually settle down. But a teacher given an auditorium used by other groups throughout the day for a classroom, may feel overwhelmed because there is no relief in sight.
Relaxation exercises, visual imagery, deep breathing, and biofeedback are techniques which can be utilized to reduce stress. It also helps to prioritize responsibilities and avoid taking on more than one can handle comfortably. Although stress may be an inevitable part of life, handling it appropriately can reduce its impact on our lives.
As for me,this article is really useful for us as a student.This is because as a student we usually get stress easily.Therefore,this article can help bit for those who are under a stress as there are a few step on how to cop with the stress.
Maggi is a Nestlé brand of instant soups, stocks, bouillons, ketchups, sauces, seasonings and instant noodles. The original company came into existence in 1872 in Switzerland, when Julius Maggi took over his father's mill. It quickly became a pioneer of industrial food production, aiming at the improvement of the nutrition of worker families. It was the first to bring protein-rich legume meal to the market, which was followed by ready-made soup based on legume meal in 1886. In 1897, Julius Maggi founded the company Maggi GmbH in the German town of Singen where it is still established today.In parts of Europe, including German-speaking countries as well as the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and France, "Maggi" is still synonymous with the brand's "Maggi-Würze" (Maggi spice), a dark sauce which is very similar to East Asian soy sauce without actually containing soy. It was also introduced in 1886, as a cheap substitute for meat extract. It has since become a well-known part of everyday culinary culture in Switzerland, Austria and especially in Germany.The bouillon cube or 'Maggi cube' was introduced in 1908, which was another meat substitution product.Because chicken and beef broths are so common in the cuisines of many different countries, the company's products have a large worldwide market. Today Maggi is particularly well known in New Zealand, Australia, India, Malaysia and Singapore for its instant noodles.In West Africa, Maggi cubes are used as part of the local cuisine. Throughout Latin America, Maggi products, especially bouillon cubes, are widely sold with some repackaging to reflect local terminology. In the German, Dutch and Danish languages lovage has come to be known as "Maggi herb" (Ger. Maggikraut, Du. maggikruid or Da. maggiurt) because of a supposed resemblance to the taste of Maggi sauce
About Sir Isaac Newton biography of Sir Isaac Newton * Born: 25 December 1642 * Birthplace: Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England * Died: 20 March 1727 (bladder stone) * Best Known As: The genius who explained gravity
Isaac Newton's discoveries were so numerous and varied that many consider him to be the father of modern science. A graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, Newton developed an intense interest in mathematics and the laws of nature which ultimately led to his two most famous works: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) and Opticks (1704). Newton helped define the laws of gravity and planetary motion, co-founded the field of calculus, and explained laws of light and color, among many other discoveries. (A famous story says that Newton uncovered the laws of gravity after being hit on the head by a falling apple. There is no proof that this story is true. However, his assistant John Conduitt later wrote that Newton had said he was inspired to think about gravity after seeing an apple fall in his garden around 1666.) Newton was knighted in 1705 and upon his death in 1727 was the first scientist given the honor of burial in Westminster Abbey.
Newton is often ranked 1-2 with Albert Einstein among history's leading physicists... Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge -- a post later held by Stephen Hawking... Newton was good friends with astronomer Edmond Halley, of Halley's Comet fame... Newton was born the same year that Galileo died.
[b. Woolsthorpe, England, December 25, 1642 (January 4, 1643, by Gregorian calendar), d. London, March 20, 1727]
Newton entered Cambridge University in 1661, but in 1665, Cambridge closed because of plague and Newton returned to the family farm for a year and a half. During this period in the country Newton first developed new methods in mathematics, starting with the binomial theorem, which deals with fractional powers of an algebraic expression, and continuing with a useful method for approximating solutions. By the end of 1665, he had developed the methods for finding slopes of curves that we call differential calculus. In the following year, he completed his invention of calculus with the method of finding areas of curved regions (the integral calculus). During the same period, Newton experimented with light and found that white light is a mixture of colors. He also began to think about gravity -- whether the same force that causes an apple to fall to Earth also affects the Moon.
Newton completed his studies at Cambridge and stayed as a professor of mathematics. Instead of publishing his work he circulated manuscripts to friends. He built the first reflecting telescope and in 1672 presented one to the Royal Society. The Royal Society elected him a fellow and he began to communicate some of his discoveries about optics to them. He was urged to publish his ideas on the motion of planets, and Newton's Principia of 1687 contained his laws of motion and gravity as well as such topics as artificial satellites.
In 1696 Newton left Cambridge and took charge of the British Mint in London. In 1703 he became president of the Royal Society, keeping that post for the rest of his life. The following year he wrote a full account of his study of light, called Opticks. Although Newton devoted a major portion of his time to alchemy, the predecessor of chemistry, he did not publish any results.
About Sir Isaac Newton biography of Sir Isaac Newton * Born: 25 December 1642 * Birthplace: Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England * Died: 20 March 1727 (bladder stone) * Best Known As: The genius who explained gravity
Isaac Newton's discoveries were so numerous and varied that many consider him to be the father of modern science. A graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, Newton developed an intense interest in mathematics and the laws of nature which ultimately led to his two most famous works: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) and Opticks (1704). Newton helped define the laws of gravity and planetary motion, co-founded the field of calculus, and explained laws of light and color, among many other discoveries. (A famous story says that Newton uncovered the laws of gravity after being hit on the head by a falling apple. There is no proof that this story is true. However, his assistant John Conduitt later wrote that Newton had said he was inspired to think about gravity after seeing an apple fall in his garden around 1666.) Newton was knighted in 1705 and upon his death in 1727 was the first scientist given the honor of burial in Westminster Abbey.
Newton is often ranked 1-2 with Albert Einstein among history's leading physicists... Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge -- a post later held by Stephen Hawking... Newton was good friends with astronomer Edmond Halley, of Halley's Comet fame... Newton was born the same year that Galileo died.
[b. Woolsthorpe, England, December 25, 1642 (January 4, 1643, by Gregorian calendar), d. London, March 20, 1727]
Newton entered Cambridge University in 1661, but in 1665, Cambridge closed because of plague and Newton returned to the family farm for a year and a half. During this period in the country Newton first developed new methods in mathematics, starting with the binomial theorem, which deals with fractional powers of an algebraic expression, and continuing with a useful method for approximating solutions. By the end of 1665, he had developed the methods for finding slopes of curves that we call differential calculus. In the following year, he completed his invention of calculus with the method of finding areas of curved regions (the integral calculus). During the same period, Newton experimented with light and found that white light is a mixture of colors. He also began to think about gravity -- whether the same force that causes an apple to fall to Earth also affects the Moon.
Newton completed his studies at Cambridge and stayed as a professor of mathematics. Instead of publishing his work he circulated manuscripts to friends. He built the first reflecting telescope and in 1672 presented one to the Royal Society. The Royal Society elected him a fellow and he began to communicate some of his discoveries about optics to them. He was urged to publish his ideas on the motion of planets, and Newton's Principia of 1687 contained his laws of motion and gravity as well as such topics as artificial satellites.
In 1696 Newton left Cambridge and took charge of the British Mint in London. In 1703 he became president of the Royal Society, keeping that post for the rest of his life. The following year he wrote a full account of his study of light, called Opticks. Although Newton devoted a major portion of his time to alchemy, the predecessor of chemistry, he did not publish any results.
• Born: 15 April 1452 • Birthplace: Vinci, Italy • Died: 2 May 1519 (natural causes) • Best Known As: Painter of the Mona Lisa Leonardo da Vinci is best remembered as the painter of the Mona Lisa (1503-1506) and The Last Supper (1495). But he's almost equally famous for his astonishing multiplicity of talents: he dabbled in architecture, sculpture, engineering, geology, hydraulics and the military arts, all with success, and in his spare time doodled parachutes and flying machines that resembled inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries. He made detailed drawings of human anatomy which are still highly regarded today. Leonardo also was quirky enough to write notebook entries in mirror (backwards) script, a trick which kept many of his observations from being widely known until decades after his death. Leonardo da Vinci means "Leonardo from the town of Vinci," and thus he is generally referred to in short as "Leonardo" rather than as "da Vinci"... He received a fresh burst of public interest in 2003 with the publication of The Da Vinci Code, the bestselling thriller by author Dan Brown. [b. Vinci (Italy), April 15, 1452, d. Amboise, France, May 2, 1519] Leonardo's great reputation in science and invention is posthumous, based on the translation and publication of his coded notebooks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In his lifetime, in addition to his famous paintings, he was known for his engineering of canal locks, cathedrals, and engines of war. The notebooks reveal Leonardo's correct interpretations of anatomy, explanations of physical concepts such as inertia, and sketches for working parachutes and helicopters, all well in advance of those ideas entering the scientific record.
Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.
During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.
After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.
At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.
In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics.
In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology.
After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of physicists.
Einstein's researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important.
Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.
Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey. From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967 This autobiography/biography was first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. ________________________________________ * Albert Einstein was formally associated with the Institute for Advanced Study located in Princeton, New Jersey.
Drugs Found in Hair of Ancient Andean Mummies Charles Q. Choi for National Geographic News October 22, 2008 The first hard evidence of psychoactive drug use in the ancient Andes has been discovered in mummies' hair, a new study says. The finding confirms that predecessors of the Inca known as the Tiwanaku used mind-altering substances, and hints that the civilization relied on far-reaching trade networks to obtain the drugs. Scientists recently analyzed 32 naturally mummified Tiwanaku bodies discovered in northern Chile's Azapa Valley, which lies in the Atacama Desert. The researchers discovered a compound called harmine in hairs from an adult male and a one-year-old baby, who both date to sometime between A.D. 800 and 1200. Harmine can help humans absorb hallucinogens and may be a powerful antidepressant. "These individuals probably ingested harmine in therapeutic or medicinal practices, some maybe related to pregnancy and childbirth," said study co-author Juan Pablo Ogalde, a chemical archaeologist at the University of Tarapacá in Arica, Chile. "However, it is possible also that consumption of harmine was involved in religious rituals, said Ogalde, whose research appeared online October 14 in the Journal of Archaeological Science. X-rays showed that the adult male—who was buried with items of social prestige such as panpipes, a four-pointed hat, and a snuffing tray—had damage near the nose, perhaps from sniffing. As for the baby, Ogalde speculated that the mother had consumed the drug and passed it on to her offspring during pregnancy or breast-feeding. "The fact this mind-altering substance was found even with a one-year-old shows how much a part of their life it was," said archaeologist Alexei Vranich of the University of California, Los Angeles, who did not participate in the study.
Kentucky Fried Chicken, usually known as KFC, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky. KFC was a wholly owned subsidiary of Tricon from 1997-2002, and has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Yum! Brands since 2002. The chain also advertises itself as Poulet Frit du Kentucky or PFK in the province of Quebec in Canada. KFC primarily sells chicken in form of pieces, wraps, salads and burgers. While its primary focus is fried chicken KFC also offers a line of roasted chicken products, sides and desserts. Outside of North America, KFC offers beef based products such as burgers or kebabs, pork based products such as ribs and other regional fare. The popularity and novelty of KFC has led to the general formula of the fried chicken fast-food restaurant being copied by restaurant owners worldwide. The company was founded as Kentucky Fried Chicken by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1952, though the idea of KFC's fried chicken actually goes back to 1930. The company adopted the abbreviated form of its name, KFC, in 1991.[2] Starting in April 2007, the company began using its original appellation of Kentucky Fried Chicken again for its signage, packaging and advertisements in the United States as part of a new corporate re-branding program;[3][4] newer and remodeled restaurants will have the new logo and name while older stores will continue to use the 1980s signage. Additionally, the company continues to use the abbreviation KFC freely in its advertising. Internationally the company is still known as KFC. History The restaurant in North Corbin, KY where Colonel Sanders developed Kentucky Fried ChickenWorld's first KFC in South Salt Lake, Utah, since replaced by a new KFC on the same siteBorn and raised in Henryville, Indiana, Sanders passed through several professions in his lifetime.[5] Sanders first served his fried chicken in 1930 in the midst of the Great Depression at a gas station he owned in North Corbin, Kentucky. The dining area was named "Sanders Court & Café" and was so successful that in 1936 Kentucky Governor Ruby Laffoon granted Sanders the title of honorary Kentucky Colonel, in recognition of his contribution to the state's cuisine. The following year Sanders expanded his restaurant to 142 seats, and added a motel he bought across the street.[6] When Sanders prepared his chicken in his original restaurant in North Corbin, he prepared the chicken in an iron skillet, which took about 30 minutes to do, too long for a restaurant operation. In 1939, Sanders altered the cooking process for his fried chicken to use a pressure fryer, resulting in a greatly reduced cooking time comparable to that of deep frying.[7] In 1940 Sanders devised what came to be known as his Original Recipe.[8] The Sanders Court & Café generally served travelers, often those headed to Florida, so when the route planned in the 1950s for what would become Interstate 75 bypassed Corbin, he sold his properties and traveled the U.S. to sell his chicken to restaurant owners. Sanders entered into franchise agreements paying him five cents for each piece of chicken sold.[citation needed] The first to take him up on the offer was Pete Harman in South Salt Lake, Utah; together, they opened the first "Kentucky Fried Chicken" outlet in 1952.[9] By the early 1960s Kentucky Fried Chicken was sold in over 600 franchised outlets in both the United States and Canada. One of the longest-lived franchisees of the older Col. Sanders' chicken concept, as opposed to the KFC chain, was the Kenny Kings chain. The company owned many Northern Ohio diner-style restaurants, the last of which closed in 2004. Sanders sold the entire KFC franchising operation in 1964 for $2 million USD [10] Since that time, the chain has been sold three more times, most recently to PepsiCo, which made it part of its Tricon Global Restaurants division, which in turn was spun off in 1997, and has now been renamed to Yum! Brands. Additionally, Colonel Sanders' nephew, Lee Cummings, took his own Kentucky Fried Chicken franchises (and a chicken recipe of his own) and converted them to his own "spin-off" restaurant chain, Lee's Famous Recipe Chicken.Today, some of the older KFC restaurants have become famous in their own right. One such restaurant is located in Marietta, Georgia. This store is notable for a 56-foot (17 m) tall sign that looks like a chicken. The sign, known locally as the Big Chicken, was built for an earlier fast-food restaurant on the site called Johnny Reb's Chick, Chuck and Shake. It is often used as a travel reference point in the Atlanta area by locals and pilots.[11]The original handwritten recipe, along with vials containing samples of each of 11 herbs and spices, is kept locked away at the KFC corporate headquarters in Louisville, Kentucky. Only 2 executives have access to it and to maintain security, the company uses multiple suppliers each providing only a portion of the final ingredients.[12] Products Packaging The famous paper bucket that KFC uses for its larger sized orders of chicken and has come to signify the company was originally created by Wendy's restaurants founder Dave Thomas.[citation needed] Thomas was originally a franchisee of the original Kentucky Fried Chicken and operated several outlets in the Columbus, Ohio area. His reasoning behind using the paper packaging was that it helped keep the chicken crispy by wicking away excess moisture. The rotating bucket sign was designed by Leonard Goldstein to advertise the availability of Kentucky Fried Chicken at his Lendy's Restaurants in Roanoke and Salem, VA. The signs first appeared in 1961, a year before Dave Thomas took over 4 Kentucky Fried Chicken stores in Columbus, OH.[citation needed] Menu items This is a list of menu items sold at KFC.KFC's Original Recipe fried chicken and French fries • KFC's specialty is fried chicken served in various forms. KFC's primary product is pressure-fried pieces of chicken made with one of two types of breading: original recipe or extra crispy. • KFC has two lines of sandwiches: its "regular" chicken sandwiches and its Snackers line. The regular sandwiches are served on either a sesame seed or corn dusted roll and are made from either whole breast fillets (fried or roasted), chopped chicken in a sauce or fried chicken strips. The Snackers line are value priced items that consist of chicken strips and various toppings. In the UK the main sandwiches are chicken fillet burger (a chicken breast fillet coated in an original-recipe coating with salad garnish and mayonnaise) and a Zinger Burger (as with the former but with a spicier coating and salsa). Both of these are available as "tower" variants, which include a slice of cheese and a hash brown. • A variety of smaller finger food products are available at KFC including chicken strips, wings, nuggets and popcorn chicken. These products can be ordered plain or with various sauces, including several types of barbecue sauces and buffalo sauce. They also offer potato wedges. • Several pies have been made available from KFC. The Pot Pie is a savory pie made with chicken, gravy and vegetables. In the second quarter of 2006, KFC introduced its variation on Shepherd's pie called the Famous Bowl. Served in a plastic bowl, it is layered with mashed potatoes or rice, gravy, corn, popcorn chicken, cheese, and a biscuit. The bowl had been available at KFC's special test market store in Louisville since the third quarter of 2005. • The KFC Twister is a wrap that consists of either chicken strips or roasted chicken, tomato, lettuce and (pepper) mayonnaise wrapped in a tortilla. • Shish kebab - in several markets KFC sells kebabs. Other products Coleslaw • In some international locations, KFC may sell hamburgers, pork ribs or fish. In the U.S., KFC began offering the Fish Snacker sandwich during Lent in 2006. The Fish Snacker consists of a rectangular patty of Alaskan Pollock on a small bun, and is the fifth KFC menu item in the Snacker category.[13] • Three types of salads (which can be topped with roasted or fried chicken) are available at KFC: Caesar, house, and BLT salads (in the US). • The Bonus Banquet • Zinger Burger - A regular sized burger which regularly consists of a boneless fillet of hot and spicy chicken, lettuce and mayonnaise in a burger bun. Cheese, tomato, bacon and pineapple can be added upon request. Barbecue sauce can also replace/join the mayonnaise. • Parfait desserts - "Little Bucket Parfaits" in varieties such as Fudge Brownie, Chocolate Crème (once called the Colonel's Little Fudge Bucket), Lemon Crème and Strawberry Shortcake are available at most locations in the US. [14] • Sara Lee Desserts - Available in either Cookies and Cream Cheesecake or Choc Caramel Mousse. • "Variety Bucket": This has chicken, popcorn chicken, two sides, biscuit. Sides • Other than fried chicken, many KFC restaurants serve side dishes like coleslaw, various potato-based items (including potato wedges, french fries and mashed potatoes with gravy), biscuits, baked beans, macaroni and cheese, rice, steamed vegetables and corn on the cob. Discontinued products • The Colonel's Rotisserie Gold - This product was introduced in the 1990s as a response to the Boston Market chain's roasted chicken products, and a healthier mindset of the general public avoiding fried food. Purportedly made from a "lost" Col. Sanders recipe, it was sold as a whole roaster or a half bird.[15] • Tender Roast Chicken - This product was an off-shoot of 'The Colonel's Rotisserie Gold'. Instead of whole and half birds, customers were given quarter roasted chicken pieces. For a time, customers could request chicken "original", "Extra Tasty Crispy", or "Tender Roast". • Chicken Little sandwich - a value oriented sandwich that sold for $0.39(USD)[16] in the U.S. during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was a small chicken patty with mayonnaise on a small roll, similar to White Castle's mini chicken sandwich.[17] • Extra Tasty Crispy (ETC) - Chicken much like the Extra Crispy served today, except ETC was prepared using chicken that had been soaking for at least a day in special marinade. There is some speculation that the marinade may have been made with trans-fats, and KFC boasts to no longer use trans-fats in their chicken. In the summer of 2007, KFC started marketing the chicken just as "Extra Crispy" without the marinade. • Kentucky Nuggets were a chicken nugget product available at KFC until 1996. No reason has been given for their discontinuation. • Fillers - A promotional item for a Cricket team, the filler was a nine inch (22cm) sub available in four different varieties from November 2007-Mid January 2008, only in Australia. • Smokey Chipotle - Introduced in April 2008. The chicken was dipped in chipotle sauce then doubled breaded and fried. It has been discontinued since August 2008. Nutritional value KFC formerly used partially hydrogenated oil in its fried foods. This oil contains relatively high levels of trans fat, which increases the risk of heart disease. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) filed a court case against KFC, with the aim of making it use other types of oils or make sure customers know about trans fat content immediately before they buy food. In October 2006, KFC announced that it would begin frying its chicken in trans fat-free oil. This would also apply to their potato wedges and other fried foods, however, the biscuits, macaroni and cheese, and mashed potatoes would still contain trans fat. Trans fat-free soybean oil was introduced in all KFC restaurants in the U.S. by 30 April 2007. CSPI announced that it would immediately drop its lawsuit against KFC and was hopeful that this would create a ripple effect on other restaurants or fast food chains that prepare food rich in trans fat. "If KFC, which deep-fries almost everything, can get the artificial trans fat out of its frying oil, anyone can," CSPI Executive Director Michael Jacobson said in a statement.[18] Advertising KFC's logo used from 1991 until November 2006 Early television advertisements for KFC regularly featured Colonel Sanders licking his fingers and talking to the viewer about his secret recipe and the importance of a family joining one another for a meal. Despite his death in 1980, this angle was quite common through the 1980s and up until the early-mid 1990s. Throughout the mid 1980s, KFC called on Will Vinton Studios to produce a series of humorous, claymation ads. These most often featured a cartoon-like chicken illustrating the poor food quality of competing food chains, mentioning prolonged freezing and other negative aspects.[19] TV ads also featured Foghorn Leghorn advising Henery Hawk to visit the restaurant for better chicken. In the 80s, KFC was an associate sponsor for Junior Johnson's NASCAR Winston Cup Series cars, with such drivers as Darrell Waltrip, Neil Bonnett, and Terry Labonte. In 1997 KFC briefly re-entered the NASCAR Winston Cup Series as sponsor of the #26 Darrell Waltrip Motorsports Chevrolet with driver Rich Bickle at the Brickyard 400. A co-branded Long John Silvers and KFC By the late 1990s, the stylized likeness of Colonel Sanders as the KFC logo had been modified. KFC ads began featuring an animated version of "the Colonel" voiced by Randy Quaid with a lively and enthusiastic attitude. He would often start out saying "The Colonel here!" and moved across the screen with a cane in hand. The Colonel was often shown dancing, singing, and knocking on the TV screen as he spoke to the viewer about the product. In reference to these ads, William Shatner shouted "The Colonel is breakdancing! Give me a break!" in the song "I Can't Get Behind That"[20] The animated Colonel is uncommon today. Still using a humorous slant, the current KFC campaign revolves mostly around customers enjoying the food. It also features a modified version of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama" as the theme song for practically all its commercials, though the restaurant actually hails from Kentucky. In 2006, KFC claimed to have made the first logo visible from outer space, though Readymix has had one since 1965.[21][22] KFC says "[It] marked the official debut of a massive global re-image campaign that will contemporize 14,000-plus KFC restaurants in over 80 countries over the next few years." The logo was built from 65,000 one-foot-square tiles, and it took six days on site to construct in early November. The logo measured a record-breaking 87,500 square feet (8,130 m2),[citation needed] and was placed in the Mojave Desert near Rachel, Nevada.[23] Many KFC locations are co-located with one or more of Yum! Brands restaurants, Long John Silvers, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, or A&W Restaurants. Many of these locations behave like a single restaurant, offering a single menu with food items from both restaurants.[24]
The resurrected Kentucky Fried Chicken logo One of KFC's latest advertisements is a commercial advertising its "wicked crunch box meal". The commercial features a fictional black metal band called "Hellvetica" performing live, the lead singer then swallows fire. The commercial then shows the lead singer at a KFC eating the "wicked crunch box meal" and saying "Oh man that is hot". In 2007, the original, non-acronymic Kentucky Fried Chicken name was resurrected and began to reappear on company marketing literature and food packaging, as well as some restaurant signage.
hai. this about grunge.. Grunge (sometimes referred to as the Seattle Sound) is a subgenre of alternative rock that emerged during the mid-1980s in the American state of Washington, particularly in the Seattle area. Inspired by hardcore punk, heavy metal, indie rock and noise rock, grunge is generally characterized by heavily distorted electric guitars, contrasting song dynamics, and apathetic or angst-filled lyrics. The grunge aesthetic is stripped-down compared to other forms of rock music, and many grunge musicians were noted for their unkempt appearances and rejection of theatrics.
The early grunge movement coalesced around Seattle independent record label Sub Pop in the late 1980s. Grunge became commercially successful in the first half of the 1990s, due mainly to the release of Nirvana's Nevermind and Pearl Jam's Ten. The success of these bands boosted the popularity of alternative rock and made grunge the most popular form of hard rock music at the time. However, many grunge bands were uncomfortable with this popularity. Although most grunge bands had disbanded or faded from view by the late 1990s, their influence continues to impact modern rock music. that all.
are u ready to war?no? here i wanna share with u about conventional weapons and secret weapons...u can find more about secret weapon at www.secretweapon.com
-OICW(Objective Individual Combat Weapon)
1.The Perfect Infantry Weapon The OICW is a next generate weapon. The ammo actually has a computer on-board. You thought smart bombs were cool. Well, this gun takes smart weapons to the next level. Imagine being in a sniper fight with your enemy. Both your enemy and you are hiding behind heavy bullet proof shelters. But you have the advantage. You have a OICW. Your weapon has a built-in range finder. Now that you know the distance between you and your enemy, for example 720 feet away. You don't need to directly hit him if he is hiding behind something. You point your gun over his position or behind him. The gun actually programs the ammo to explode at 725 feet which will blast shrapnel all over. With the OICW, line of sight is no longer a rule for sniper fights!
2.The Smart Ammo The Ammo that knows when to explode and become shrapnel. When you don't have a clear shot. Switching to the 20MM explosive round. Each round of Smart Ammo has an on-board computer and costs $25.00. The OICW holds a clip of 6 x 20MM smart ammo. History of the OICW First conceived in the early 1990s. First prototype capably of firing was in 1997. The maker estimates they will be fully tested and deployed by 2006.
-BIOLOGICAL WEAPON The agents Biological weapons contain living bacterial or viral organisms, or the toxins produced by them. The toxins are generally the most lethal and act the quickest, producing incapacitation or death within minutes or hours. Bacterial and viral pathogens require an incubation period of 24 hours to six weeks before the appearance of symptoms.
Bacterial agents include anthrax, meloidosis, pneumonic plague and glanders. Viral agents include smallpox, yellow fever, equine encephalitis and influenza. Toxins include botulinum toxin, ricin and mycotoxins.
-NAVEL POWER
1.Aircraft carriers Since World War II, U.S. naval doctrine has been built around the aircraft carrier and the submarine, with surface vessels in a support role. The Tomahawk missile has changed that somewhat, but the carrier is still the queen of the fleet. The newest and most numerous carriers in the fleet are the eight nuclear-powered Nimitz class vessels
2.Ticonderoga class cruisers With only a few older exceptions, the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser is the Navy's primary large surface ship. Twenty-seven are now in the fleet with none under construction. These ships, once used to engage enemy surface units and to support amphibious landings, now have the power to launch dozens of Tomahawk cruise missiles thousands of miles into enemy territory.
3.Destroyers Several classes of guided-missile destroyers are still in service in the U.S. Navy, but the Arleigh Burke class is rapidly replacing older ships. Destroyers once served primarily to escort carriers, provide anti-aircraft defense and hunt submarines. Today, like larger cruisers, they're equipped with long-range Tomahawk cruise missiles.
4.Frigates Frigates, traditionally a bit smaller and faster than destroyers, are likely to be phased out over the next generation. However, as late as 1987 the Navy was launching ships of the Oliver Hazard Perry class. These ships today serve primarily for anti-submarine warfare, patrol and anti-aircraft in carrier task forces. Britain has based frigates in the Gulf region.
5.Mine Countermeasures Ships The U.S. task force group has 2 Avenger class mine countermeasures vessels, the USS Ardent and the USS Dextrous. These ships are designed to clear mines from vital waterways.
6.Attack submarines Attack submarines are designed to seek and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships. Since the advent of the Tomahawk missile, however, they have become land-attack vessels as well.
7.HMS Illustrious The largest Royal Navy task force assembled since the 1982 Falklands War happened to be in the Arabian Sea when the attacks on the United States took place. Britain has extended their stay -- originally part of an exercise with the Gulf state of Oman that also included 22,000 British troops -- and has said they are available to support U.S. forces if needed.
-AIR POWER
1.AC-130 The AC-130 gunship's primary missions are close air support, air interdiction and force protection. Missions in close air support are troops in contact, convoy escort and urban operations. Air interdiction missions are conducted against preplanned targets or targets of opportunity. Force protection missions include air base defense and facilities defense. F-117 Stealth fighter
2.The F-117A Nighthawk is the world's first operational aircraft designed to exploit low-observable stealth technology. It was used for the first time in Panama in 1989 and extensively in the Gulf War. The larger bomber version, the B-2 Stealth bomber, is not deployed in the gulf.B-2 "Spirit" Stealth bomber
3.The B-2 bomber quickly became the mainstay of the U.S. Air Force after making its debut in the Kosovo conflict. In that conflict, it changed the face of tactical military doctrine by flying all of its missions from bases in the United States, refueling in the air along the way. The United States now has 21 on active service.F/A-18 Hornet
4.The F/A-18C Hornet is an all-weather, multirole light fighter and attack aircraft. It was designed for traditional strike applications such as interdiction and close air support without compromising its fighter capabilities.F-14 Tomcat
5.The F-14 Tomcat is a supersonic, twin-engine, variable sweep-wing, two-place fighter designed to attack and destroy enemy aircraft at night and in all weather conditions. The F-14 can track up to 24 targets simultaneously with its advanced weapons-control system and attack six with Phoenix AIM-54A missiles while continuing to scan the airspace. Armament also includes a mix of other air intercept missiles, rockets and bombs.F-15 Eagle
6.The F-15 Eagle is an all-weather, extremely maneuverable, tactical fighter designed to gain and maintain air superiority in aerial combat. It's out of production for the United States but has spawned lucrative export versions operated by Israel, Saudi Arabia and several NATO air forces. F-16 Falcon fighter
7.The F-16 Fighting Falcon is a compact, multirole fighter aircraft. It is highly maneuverable and has proven itself in air-to-air combat and air-to-surface attacks. It provides a relatively low-cost, high-performance weapon system for the United States and allied nations. With the Soviet MiG-29, it is the world's premier fighter aircraft. B-1 bomber Lancer
8.The B-1B is a long-range strategic bomber, capable of flying intercontinental missions without refueling, then penetrating present and future sophisticated enemy defenses. It can perform a variety of missions, including that of a conventional weapons carrier for theater operations. The bombers were involved in a series of controversial crashes early in its lifetime and were a highly debated and expensive addition to the U.S. arsenal. B-52 Stratofortress
9.The B-52 is a long-range, heavy bomber that can perform a variety of missions. The bomber is capable of flying at high subsonic speeds at altitudes up to 50,000 feet. It can carry nuclear or conventional ordnance with worldwide precision navigation capability. It was the primary long-range nuclear bomber of the Cold War and was used intensively both in Vietnam and the Gulf War. A-10 Thunderbolt
10.The A-10, flown by the U.S. Air Force, is a "tank-buster." They're designed for close air support of ground forces. They are simple, effective and survivable twin-engine jet aircraft that can be used against all ground targets, including tanks and other armored vehicles. C-2A Greyhound
11.The twin-engine C-2A Greyhound cargo aircraft provides critical logistics support to aircraft carriers. Its primary mission is onboard delivery. Powered by two T-6 turboprop engines, the C-2A can deliver a payload of up to 10,000 pounds. The cabin can readily accommodate cargo, passengers or both. It is also equipped to accept litter patients in medical evacuation missions. EA-6B Prowler
12.The EA-6B Prowler provides an umbrella of protection over strike aircraft and ships by jamming enemy radar, electronic data links and communications. The EA-6B Prowler is a twin-engine, mid-wing aircraft designed for carrier and advanced base operations with a fully integrated electronic warfare system combining long-range, all-weather capabilities with advanced electronic countermeasures. A forward equipment bay and pod-shaped faring on the vertical fin, house the additional avionics equipment. The side-by-side cockpit arrangement gives maximum efficiency, visibility and comfort E-2C Hawkeye
13.The E-2C Hawkeye is the Navy's all-weather, carrier-based tactical warning and control system aircraft. Additional missions include surface surveillance coordination, strike and interceptor control, search and rescue guidance and communications relay. An integral component of the carrier air wing, the E-2C uses computerized sensors to provide early warning, threat analyses and control of counteraction against air and surface targets.Harrier jump jet
14.The AV-8B Harrier "jump jet" can take off and land vertically on a space only a bit larger than itself. The Royal Navy flies a Sea Harrier variant off of its aircraft carriers. Those deployed in the Gulf, however, are operated by the U.S. Marines from amphibious assault ships. India's navy also operates the jet. S-3B Viking
15.The Vikings are used in the detection and attack of submarines. The extremely versatile Viking also is used as an armed scout in the anti-surface role, as well as tanking, mining and limited electronic surveillance.SH-60F Seahawk
16.The Seahawks are used for anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue, anti-ship warfare, cargo lift and special operations. (This is the naval version of the more widely known Army helicopter, the AH-60 Blackhawk.)ES-3B Shadow
17.TThe ES-3B Shadow is used for reconnaissance. The ES-3 is a carrier-based subsonic, all-weather, long-range, electronic reconnaissance aircraft. It operates primarily with carrier battle groups providing Indications and Warning (I&W) support to the battle group and joint theater commanders. It carries an extensive suite of electronic sensors and communications gear.
-MISSLES/BOMBS
1.Tomahawk cruise missile Used for long-range, subsonic land-attack warfare.
2.Air Launched Cruise Missile The ALCS is launched from B-52 or B-1B bombers and is capable of flying thousands of miles while hugging terrain and evading radar. It is considered, with the Navy's Tomahawk, the most accurate missile in existence. However, the ALCS is capable of delivering a warhead twice the size of that on the Tomahawk -- 2,000 pounds as opposed to 1,000 pounds.
3.Patriot air-defense missiles The Patriot anti-missile gained fame during the Gulf War, when the missiles were used extensively in an effort to protect Israel and coalition bases in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Bahrain from Iraqi Scud missile attacks. Their effectiveness then was not great but since they have been improved. The United States has been working with Israeli engineers on a next generation anti-missile system known as the Arrow.
4.AGM-88 HARM missile system Used for air-to-surface anti-radiation attacks on hostile radar installations
5.AGM-65 Maverick guided missile Air-to-surface, laser-guided missile is used to attack and destroy armor, air defenses, ships, ground transportation and fuel installations.
6.AIM-9 Sidewinder missile Used as a heat-seeking, air-to-air missile.
7.Joint Stand Off Weapon (JSOW) JSOW is a recently developed family of kinematically efficient, air-to-surface glide weapons, in the 1,000-lb class, that provide standoff capabilities from 15 nautical miles (low-altitude launch) to 40 nautical miles (high-altitude launch). The JSOW will be used against a variety of land and sea targets and will operate from ranges outside enemy-point defenses. The JSOW is a launch-and-leave weapon that employs a tightly coupled Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System, and is capable of day/night and adverse weather operations.
8.AIM-54 Phoenix missile Used as a long-range, air-launched air intercept missile
9.Harpoon and Harpoon/SLAM missile systems Used as an air-, surface- or submarine-launched anti-surface (anti-ship) cruise missile. The AGM-85E used as a surface-launched precision land attack cruise missile.
10.Sparrow missile Used as an air-to-air and surface-to-air radar-guided missile.
11.Bunker busters The U.S. developed a gigantic bomb whose characteristics remain classified to destroy bunkers of the Iraqi military during the Gulf War. The bomb, which is guided by lasers to its target, is known as a GBU-28 and could be used against caves or deep bunkers in Afghanistan.
12.Cluster bombs Cluster bombs -- highly controversial because of the high percentage that do not explode and remain dangerous long after the battle ends -- are generally used against troop formations. The bombs explode, spreading smaller bomblets over a wide area.
-GROUND FORCES
1.Ground Troops The men that power all weapons and do the hand to hand combat. No war can be won without execellant ground troops.
2.M1 Abrams tank The main battle tank of the U.S. Army carries a 120 mm laser-guided gun with rapid-fire, on-the-move capability. The tank costs about $4.3 million, weighs 70 tons and is very difficult to deploy in remote areas. About 7,600 are in service. Some 7,000 older M-60 tanks also remain in service.
3.Bradley fighting vehicle A light tank-armored personnel carrier hybrid. There are some 6,700 in service. In Central Asia's terrain, the Bradley's maneuverability may be a major asset.
4.Artillery The U.S. Army maintains 3,000 fixed guns up to 155 mm, 5,000 more self-propelled weapons, including 29 huge 203 mm M-110s, and 2,000 large mortars.
5.Anti-tank missiles T8,000 TOW missiles; 24,000 Dragon and 500 Javelin missiles.
6.Anti-aircraft missiles The U.S. Army maintains about 500 Patriot missile batteries and more than 10,000 smaller Stinger, Avenger and Linebacker missiles.
7.AH-64 Apache More than 800 of these fast attack helicopters in various configurations are in service. They are used to kill tanks and support ground forces with missile and gunfire.
8.AH-1 Cobra About 450 Cobra and SuperCobra light attack helicopters are in service with the Army and Marines. They are used primarily to suppress ground fire.
9.UH-60 Blackhawk About 1,500 of these large transport-attack helicopters are in service, many with special forces and air cavalry units.
-SURVAILENCE Surveillance: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are used by the U.S. military to glean intelligence on enemy forces. The UAVs can transmit data, fulfilling roles in missions considered too dangerous for manned aircraft.
1.Black Widow The Black Widow is a short-distance micro-air vehicle that transmits images via radio frequency to ground-control unit.
2.Hunter The Hunter is an unmanned aerial vehicle that provides near real-time imagery of ground forces in both day and night. Each aircraft is intended to operate with additional Hunter UAVs.
3.Predator The Predator is an unmanned aerial vehicle that provides high-resolution video, infrared, and radar imagery in real-time via satellite. Built-in lasers can provide targeting for laser-guided bombs.
4.Global Hawk The Global Hawk, a high-altitude, long-range, fully automatic unmanned aerial vehicle, provides high-resolution imagery in real-time via satellite.
now, u know about war's equipments and weapons...about practice u can play counter strike and red alerts or another command and conquer game... beat me!
•Do have a well-developed plan for making your career change. And don't rush into a career change until you have thought it out and developed a strategy. •Don't worry if you feel a bit insecure or unsure about making a career change; these feelings are normal. •Do expect to put in a great deal of time and effort in making the switch from one career to another, but don't allow yourself to get discouraged at the pace or your progress…changing careers takes time. •Don't rush into a new career field because you are dissatisfied or disillusioned with your current job, boss, company, or career field. •Do take the time to examine the activities that you like and dislike, with more focus on your likes. And do focus on new careers that center around your likes and passions. (For assistance, do read Finding Your Career Passion.) •Do leverage some of your current skills and experiences to your new career by taking advantage of your transferable skills. •Don't limit yourself to similar careers or jobs when making a career change; look for careers that take advantage of both your skills and your interests. •Do consider the possibility that you will need to get additional training or education to gain the skills you need to be competitive in your new career field, but don't jump headfirst into an educational program…start slowly. •Do take advantage of all your networking potential, including using your current network of contacts, conducting informational interviews with key employers in your new career field, and joining professional organizations in your new career field. (And do read more about networking.) •Don't forget to take advantage of the career and alumni offices from your previous educational experiences as well as your current school (if you are going back for additional education or training). •Do gain experience in your new career field, ideally while you are still working in your current job. Volunteer or find a part-time job in your new career field -- thus building experience, confidence, and contacts in your new field. •Don't go it alone; do find a mentor. Changing careers is challenging, and you really need to have someone who can help motivate you and keep you focused on your goal when you get discouraged. •Do brush up on all aspects of job-hunting, especially if you haven't had a need to use those skills recently. And do take advantage of all career change resources. •Do take advantage of all the career change advice available in these career change books. •Above all else, do be flexible. You're basically starting your career anew, which means you may have to make concessions about job titles, salary, relocation, etc.
Prevent Colds and the Flu 1.Wash your hands and wash them often. 2.Wash your hands twice every time you wash them. 3. Use this hand-drying strategy in public restrooms. 4.Carry hand sanitizer with you 5. Use your knuckle to rub your eyes. 6.Run your toothbrush through the microwave on high for 10 seconds to kill germs that can cause colds and other illnesses. 7. Get a flu shot every fall. 8. Stop blaming yourself when things go wrong at work. 9. Put a box of tissues wherever people sit. 10. Leave the windows in your house open a crack in winter. 11. Lower the heat in your house 5 degrees 12. Speaking of which, buy a hygrometer. 13. Sit in a sauna once a week.
14. Inhale air from your blow-dryer. 15. Take a garlic supplement every day. 16. Eat a container of yogurt every day. 17. Once a day, sit in a quiet, dim room, close your eyes, and focus on one word. 18. Scrub under your fingernails every night 19. Change or wash your hand towels every three or four days during cold and flu season. 20. At the very first hint of a cold, launch the following preventive blitz. Here's how:
21. Wipe your nose -- don't blow. 22. Sneeze and cough into your arm or a tissue. 23. Don't pressure your doctor for antibiotics.
Salam and good morning to my beloved friends and Madam Noli.. I would like to talk about my article and conclude it..Its told us what we should to and what we should'nt do to achieve success in careers..Nowadays,many people worried about their careers and a lot of them do not have any work to do..So,the better ways is to search what is the keys to be success in ours careers..
The name Kelantan is said to be a corruption of gelam hutan, i.e. the Malay word for the cajuput, or swamp tea tree (Melaleuca leucadendron). Other theories claim the name comes from the Malay word kilatan, 'shiny/glittery' or kolam tanah, 'clay pool'.
The early history of Kelantan traces distinct human settlement dating back to prehistoric times. Early Kelantan had links to the Funan Kingdom, the Khmer Empire, Srivijaya and Siam. Around 1411, Raja Kumar, the ruler of Kelantan, became independent of Siam, and Kelantan became an important centre of trade by the end of the 15th century.
In 1499, Kelantan became a vassal state of the Malacca Sultanate. With the fall of Malacca in 1511, Kelantan was divided up and ruled by petty chieftains, paying tribute to Patani, which in turn was a vassal of Siam ruling from Ayuthaya. In 1603, most of these petty Kelantan chiefs became subject to Patani.
Around 1760, a chieftain of Kubang Labu in Kelantan succeeded in unifying the territory of the present Kelantan. Shortly thereafter, in 1764, Long Yunos was appointed as the Penghulu of Kota Bharu while his brother, Nik Muhammadiah, ruled as Sultan Muhammad I of Legeh in Ayer Lanas. Nik Muhammadiah or Sultan Muhammad I, officially became the first sultan of Kelantan.
In 1812, Long Senik, the adopted son of Mohammad I, sided with the Thais and was appointed by them as the Sultan of Kelantan, known as Sultan Muhammad II. He broke from Terengganu's influence and became a tributary of the Thais. In the 1820s, Kelantan was one of the most populous and prosperous states in the Malay Peninsula, having avoided the wars and disputes which plagued the southern and western states. Thais continued to play their role in manipulating Kelantan throughout the 19th century.
Under the terms of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, the Thais surrendered its claims over Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis to Great Britain, and Kelantan thus became one of the Unfederated Malay States with a British Adviser.
Kelantan was the first place in Malaya to be occupied by the Japanese, who invaded on December 8, 1941. During the Japanese occupation, Kelantan came again under control of Siam, but after the defeat of Japan in August 1945, Kelantan reverted to British rule.
Kelantan became part of the Federation of Malaya on February 1, 1948 and together with other states attained independence on August 31, 1957. On September 16, 1963, Kelantan became one of the component states of Malaysia.
Want to live seven years longer? Start praying. We're not joking here; seven years is the increase in lifespan you can expect if you nurture your soul and your health through prayer, faith, and religious involvement, according to various studies. For one thing, research shows a strong connection between heart health and religious faith. In one study, people who went into open-heart surgery and reported feeling strength and comfort from their religion were three times more likely to survive the surgery than people with no such spiritual grounding.If there's a placebo effect at work here—if people get better because they believe they will—who's to argue with the benefits? Whether praying calms you, gives you hope, or helps you tend to your inner self, if you feel you're getting something out of it, it's time well spent.
Perak's known civilization dates back to the 15th century, and right up to the 18th century it had a colourful history of politics and power struggles. The first governments were based in Bruas and Manjung in the 15th century.
The present Sultanate of Perak dates back to 1528 when Sultan Muzaffar the eldest son of the last Sultan of Malacca, established his dynasty on the banks of the Perak river.
Perak's great wealth in tin put her in a state of constant threat from the Thais in the north and the Achehnese and Bugis in the south during the 16th to 18th centuries. During the 1700s, the Dutch had also tried unsuccessfully to monopolise the tin trade.
The rich deposits of tin drew a great number of Chinese miners to Perak who soon formed rival clans fighting for dominion over the mines. This constant warring and lawlessness and a power struggle between the successors to the Perak throne, gave the British administrators at the time the opportunity to intervene.
At the signing of the Pangkor Treaty in 1874, the British governor Sir Andrew Clarke installed Sultan Abdullah on the throne with the condition that he accepted a British Resident.
The British soon put an administration in place to govern the state for the sultan. The first resident JWW Birch, disliked for high-handedness, was assassinated in 1875. The British sent troops to maintain order and exiled Sultan Abdullah.
Birch's successor the new Resident, Hugh Low, a more able administrator, ensured greater control over the mines, kept the chiefs in order, imposed taxes and regulated the affairs of the state. Perak prospered under his administration and Malaya saw its first railway line built from Taiping to Port Weld in 1885. It ensured faster movement of tin to the ports and hence greater production.
In 1896, Perak became a member of the Federated Malay States until the Japanese Occupation.
Small Changes, Big Weight Loss This is not a diet -- or a rigorous exercise program. (Nobody can stick to those for long.) Instead, it's a simple way to make weight loss a natural part of the life you already live. And guess what? It's fun! You don't have to give up the foods you love or join a gym. It's about balancing calories in tiny ways that add up to big benefits. You just adopt some tricks naturally lean people do. Pick the ones you like, stick with them, and you'll slim down and tone up -- for good!
Must Read 50 Habits of "Naturally Thin" People Make these weight-loss tips a part of your daily routine! By Cynthia Dermody From Reader's Digest
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Images from this article Credit: Ole Graf/zefa/Corbis javascript:void(0); Image Small Changes, Big Weight Loss This is not a diet -- or a rigorous exercise program. (Nobody can stick to those for long.) Instead, it's a simple way to make weight loss a natural part of the life you already live. And guess what? It's fun! You don't have to give up the foods you love or join a gym. It's about balancing calories in tiny ways that add up to big benefits. You just adopt some tricks naturally lean people do. Pick the ones you like, stick with them, and you'll slim down and tone up -- for good!
Credit: Ole Graf/zefa/Corbis Morning Makeover 1. Wake-up workout When your eyes open, sit up slowly without using your hands. With legs straight out, lean forward until you feel a gentle stretch in your back and hamstrings. Hold; then, using your abs, lower yourself flat. Rest and repeat two more times. Strengthens core. Burns 10 calories
2. Go for the grains Not ready for Twigs & Rocks cereal? Sprinkle on a few tablespoons of wheat germ or oat bran. Work up to 3/4 cup of low-sugar whole-grain cereal with at least three grams of fiber per serving, and you'll pass on that Danish. Saves 100
3. Add some protein The more you eat earlier on, the less you eat as the day wears on, research has shown. So after your cereal, add a hard-boiled egg or a part-skim mozzarella cheese stick to keep you feeling full -- and away from that pre-lunch brownie. Saves 200 (or more)
4. Balance booster While you brush your teeth, alternate standing on one leg as you switch mouth quadrants (every 30 seconds). Balancing develops your core muscles and may even be good for your brain. Burns 10
5. Be a ballerina As your coffee drips, stand sideways, put one hand on the counter, and lift the outside leg straight out in front of you, keeping it extended. With upper body straight, hold for a few seconds and move it to the side; hold and extend it behind you. Do five to ten times on each leg. Tones outer thighs, hip flexors and quadriceps. Burns 10
6. Coffee saver Instead of pouring that 1/3 cup of half-and-half (a whopping 105 calories!) into your mug, replace it with the same amount of 2% milk. Saves 60
7. Better your bagel You can walk 10,000 steps to justify your 500-calorie bagel with cream cheese, or try this: low-fat spreadable cheese like Laughing Cow Light on an English muffin. Saves 300
Nine-to-Five Fixes
8. Tone in traffic Use the time spent bumper-to-bumper to develop your buns of steel: Squeeze your derrière each time you tap the brake, holding for 10 seconds. Shoot for 10 to 15 squeezes a trip. Burns 10
9. Snack smarter Portion out the day's snacks into pint-size zip bags, or buy single-serving portions. For example, four regular Oreos have 200 calories versus the 100-calorie snack bag version. Go for the lower fat chips: a Lay's Light bag has only 75 calories, while the regular has 150. Saves 175 (over two snacks)
10. Casual day payoff You will blast more calories during the day wearing comfy clothes like jeans or khakis, sport shirts and soft-soled shoes than donning constricting suits, skirts and heels. Why? Because you walk more, a study found. Now you just have to convince the boss. Burns 25
A Power Ranger is a fictional individual who "Morphs" from an unpowered form into a powerful superhero usually wearing a brightly colored battle suit usually made of spandex featuring a helmet with an opaque visor.[3] In many cases, the helmet serves to protect his or her secret identity. (In some cases, more powerful Rangers may have extra shielding on their suit to protect them from strong blows.) A morphed Ranger generally possesses superhuman strength, durability, and hand-to-hand combat ability; unmorphed Rangers may possess other innate abilities such as telekinesis,[4] super speed,[5] invisibility[6] that are usually not directly related to his or her Ranger powers. Rangers appear to retain their original physiology beneath their suits when in morphed form, as Rangers' helmets have been seen removed or broken on numerous occasions[7], revealing his or her natural form underneath.[8] Helmets aside, the suits are donned and removed nearly instantaneously with a glow of light or some other effect. Sometimes, Rangers "de-morph" involuntarily due to powerful physical attacks. Rangers regularly operate in teams of five, with a special sixth Ranger frequently joining the team part way into the series;[9] More recently a core team of three will later be joined by additional Rangers. Each Ranger's suit and energy spectrum will match a specific color, with red, yellow, and blue being joined by some combination of pink, green, black, or white. Rangers may be named after their respective colors, such as Red Ranger, Blue Ranger, etc., but numbers or other names may also be used. There is usually no more than one Ranger of a given color on a team, but exceptions of this rule are generally given alternate names (in Time Force, there were two Rangers with red-colored costumes; the first was the Red Time Force Ranger, the second was the Quantum Ranger). Each team's costumes are nearly identical aside from color, helmet design (most notably the shape of the opaque visor) and perhaps a numerical designation. Any additional Rangers will regularly have additional costume modifications, usually some form of additional armor. The Rangers' color designation also influences their wardrobe throughout the series, as their civilian clothing is often the same color as their Ranger color. This correlation was joked about in Dino Thunder when Tommy Oliver (a former Green Ranger, White Ranger, and twice a Red Ranger) became the new Black Dino Ranger; he said that he had to go shopping because he did not own enough black-colored clothing.
>>i do love watching power rangers tv show. i love power rangers very much especially red ranger.haha
A Hare having ridiculed the slow movements of a Tortoise, was challenged by the latter to run a race, a Fox to go to the goal and be the judge. They got off well together, the hare at the top of her speed, the Tortoise, who had no other intention than making his antagonist exert herself, going very leisurely. After sauntering along for some time he discovered the Hare by the wayside, apparently asleep, and seeing a chance to win pushed on as fast as he could, arriving at the goal hours afterward, suffering from extreme fatigue and claiming the victory. "Not so," said the Fox; "the Hare was here long ago, and went back to cheer you on your way."
SHALIN Zulkifli is known as the DIAMOND for her bowling prowess and she hopes to live up to her nickname when she starts her campaign at the seven-round Professional Bowlers' Association (PBA) Women's Tour in the United States.
SHALIN Zulkifli is a well known bowler in Malaysia. she is the only one Asian in the 16-bowler field. However, after go for seven-round Professional Bowlers' Association (PBA) Women's Tour in the United States she decided to live up to her nickname. She set a target that willing to win at least one round at semi-finals of the PBA Women's trials letr in August. After she was given the nicname 'Black Pearl' by a Taiwanese coach, she believing she will successful in her bowling future. She was trying to have the competition with other professional tournaments in every country in order to gain more experience on bowling. Faithfully, her next competition will be on the PBA World Championships in Wichita on Oct 19-26. So, she promise she will try her best to win all the competition that will coming on.
Punk ideologies are a group of varied social and political beliefs associated with the punk subculture. This article provides a rough generalization of the philosophies of individuals who identify themselves as punks and doesn't completely represent the views of all of those who do so.
In its original nature, the punk culture has been primarily concerned with individual freedom, which tends to create beliefs in concepts such as individualism, anti-authoritarianism, anarchism and free thought. Punk ideologies have often included a critical view of the world; seeing modern day societies as placing extensive limits on humanity. Punk ideologies are usually expressed through punk rock music, punk zines, independently-published literature and spoken word recordings.
Punk culture originated as a movement of shock, rebellion, and discontent; and from certain points-of-view, it has evolved into an overt socio-political movement. Lyrically, punk bands often express discontent with the individuals and institutions that influence society. The political ideology most often associated with punk is anarchism; however, punk has also been associated with other leftist ideologies such as social liberalism, socialism and communism. Despite the association that punk ideologies have with the left wing, some punks perceive the efforts of leftists as ineffectual, and sometimes just as objectionable as the right wing. Right-wing ideologies have appeared within punk culture, including conservatism and neo-Nazism.
Philosophical ideologies within the punk subculture include atheism, agnosticism and humanism,
A hovercraft is an amphibious vehicle that is supported by a cushion of slightly pressurized air. Although often seen as a mysterious, even bizarre mode of transportation, it is conceptually quite simple. To understand how hovercraft work, it is necessary to realize that the dynamics are more closely related to aircraft than to boats or automobiles. As a member of a family of air cushion vehicles (ACVs) or Ground Affect machines, which includes wing-in-ground-effect or ram wings, surface effect ships, sidewall hovercraft, and surface skimmers, hovercraft, are the amphibious members of the air cushion vehicle family. They are the most novel among vehicles that are supported by pressurized air. Refer to the illustration below as you read about exactly how hovercraft work.
Hovercraft float on a cushion of air that has been forced under the craft by a fan. This causes the craft to rise or lift. The amount of lift can range from 6" to 108" (152mm to 2,743mm) depending on the size of the hovercraft. The amount of total weight that a hovercraft can raise is equal to cushion pressure multiplied by the area of the hovercraft. To make the craft function more efficiently, it is necessary to limit the cushion air from escaping, so the air is contained by the use of what is called a hovercraft skirt. Fashioned from fabric, which allows a deep cushion or clearance of obstacles, hovercraft skirts vary in style ranging from bags to cells (jupes) to separate fingered sections called segments.
Once "lifted" or "on cushion", thrust must be created to move the hovercraft forward. With many craft, this is generated by a separate engine from the one used to create the lift, but with some, the same engine is used for both. As the diagram above indicates, the fan-generated air stream is split so that part of the air is directed under the hull for lift, while most of it is used for thrust.
Now that the hovercraft has lift and thrust, it must be steered safely. This is achieved through the use of a system of rudders behind the fan, controlled by handlebars up front. Steering can also be controlled by the use of body weight displacement ... a skill which is achieved after practice.
this is a large handphone company that supplys a lot of handphone...this is little bit about the company history.Sony Ericsson is a joint venture established on October 3, 2001 by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to make mobile phones. The stated reason for this venture is to combine Sony's consumer electronics expertise with Ericsson's technological leadership in the communications sector. Both companies have stopped making their own mobile phones.
The company's global management is based in Hammersmith, London, and it has research & development teams in Sweden, Japan, China, Germany, the United States, India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom. As of 2007, it was the fourth-largest cellphone manufacturer in the world after Nokia, Motorola and Samsung. Sony was a marginal player in the worldwide cell phone market with a share of less than 1 percent in 2000. It was also struggling in this area with losses but wanted to focus more in this area. In April 2001, Sony confirmed that it was in talks with Ericsson for a possible collaboration in the handset business. This was soon after Toshiba and Siemens had announced plans in November 2000 to work together on handsets for 3G mobile networks.
By August 2001, the two companies had finalized the terms of the merger announced in April. The company was to have an initial workforce of 3,500 employees.
Today i had read an interesting news. The news is about teacher dies in burning car.
The victim's name is Jasman Imran. He was trapped inside his car and burnt to death when his car caught fire following an accident at 64km Jalan Sandakan-Lahad Datu.
According to Kinabatangan police chief DSP Jaini Abdul Kadir the incident happened at about 1.30pm when the car driven by Jasman crashed head-on with a four-wheel-drive vehicle that came from the opposite direction.
After the impact, Jasman’s Perodua Myvi was engulfed in flames and the unfortunate victim was trapped inside.
According to Jaini, the victim was heading to the town of Kota Kinabatangan while the four-wheel-drive was heading towards Sandakan. He added that the driver and passengers of the four-wheel drive escaped with minor injuries while the remains of Jasman was sent to the Kinabatangan Hospital
Today I have read an article about internet hacking. Sound interesting to me. Actually my dream is to become a computer expertise. I love everything about computer. Hacking sounds good to. Unfortunately, there are a lot of internet hackers out there use their hacking skills to deceive people for money. How sad!
The article I have read is from nzherald.co.nz site. Like people said, we can't escape from punishment. The articles says that an east Auckland computer hacker, who scammed hundreds of thousands dollars and attracted the FBI to New Zealand, has been jailed for three years.
What a waste. Such a brilliant brain should use their skills to do good things and help people. With such a genius brain, he could create something that brings benefits to the whole world.
Moral of the story is, do not use your brain in the wrong way to get money. Of course the advantage can be gotten, but there is always punishment waiting for the guilty people. When it happened, there is no turning back.
Today I have read an article about internet hacking. Sound interesting to me. Actually my dream is to become a computer expertise. I love everything about computer. Hacking sounds good to. Unfortunately, there are a lot of internet hackers out there use their hacking skills to deceive people for money. How sad!
The article I have read is from nzherald.co.nz site. Like people said, we can't escape from punishment. The articles says that an east Auckland computer hacker, who scammed hundreds of thousands dollars and attracted the FBI to New Zealand, has been jailed for three years.
What a waste. Such a brilliant brain should use their skills to do good things and help people. With such a genius brain, he could create something that brings benefits to the whole world.
Moral of the story is, do not use your brain in the wrong way to get money. Of course the advantage can be gotten, but there is always punishment waiting for the guilty people. When it happened, there is no turning back.
I have read about a blog that told about Anwar Ibrahim's relationship with head of World Bank or IMF, Paul Wolfowitz. The blog has taken an article titled "Malaysia’s Anwar Ibrahim:Wolfowitz’s Knife in Asia’s Back" by Mike Billington.
What I read is not all about politics but it is about our nations future generation that will face more obstacle if Anwar take lead of our nation.
Im quite sure that all of us know about money problem held by Indonesia till now mostly cause by IMF. They create chaos in asian's stock(George Soros), then they acts like helping countries by giving monetary loans, with high interest.
Surely all of us did not want our country to turn up like Indonesia, poor getting poorer and rich people living in luxury. I really hope that no bad thing happened to our nation.
One more thing, blog is not really something we can prove, so i hope that the future leader of the nation will be pointed upon to someone patriotic, charismatics and have a good leadership
Comment 7
Assalamualaikum
In my opinion, tell me more its very good way to learn english. This is very useful for student like me. In tell more i can learn grammar, vocabulary, and speaking technic . it can use anytime and we can learn english without teacher and can learn at home. Its very fun. Its very useful for all student that want improve the language.
An Independence Day is an annual celebration observing the anniversary of a nation's independent statehood, usually after ceasing to be a colony or part of another state. All countries honor their respective independence day, celebrating it as a national holiday. The independence of Malaysia is different from that of the independence of other countries. It was a peaceful independence attained by holding talks with the British. Thus on 31 August 1957, Malaysia got its independence from the United Kingdom.The first Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj spearheaded the effort for independence, leading a delegation of ministers and political leaders of Malaya (now Malaysia) in negotiations with the British in London for Merdeka, or Independence. Just when it became clear that the Communist threat posed during the Malayan Emergency was getting out of hand, agreement was reached on February 8, 1956, for Malaya to gain independence from the British Empire. But for some reason it was decided that the official proclamation of independence would be made the next year, on August 31, 1957, at Stadium Merdeka (Independence Stadium), in Kuala Lumpur. On this glorious day Allahyarham Tunku Abdul Rahman proudly declared the independence day of Malaysia by shouting out "Merdeka" seven times at the Merdeka Stadium. Hari Merdeka meaning the Independence Day is the national day of Malaysia commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya from British colonial rule. In a larger perspective this day is celebrates the formation of Malaysia. On August 31, 2008, Malaysia will celebrate its 50 years of independence. Hopefully we should always appreciate the mean of independence in our life.. >fadhli< ME08073
Despite a harder than usual ‘ballistic landing’ (gee… try to visualise a ballistic landing) and 200km off course, the Soyuz capsule carrying Malaysia’s first cosmonaut safely landed at 6.37pm, 21 Oct 2007 - 11 days after blastoff from the same launch pad used by Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space, back in 1961.
By and large, most people I know are proud of this trip - some showed it more than others. However, there are also others who failed to appreciate our little space project - branding it unnecessary, waste of money and of little value. One comment posted to the previous entry by heikal said “…This is all to show off! He is just a space tourist, anyone fit and has money can go to space…” Bro…what’s wrong with being a tourist. If I spend thousands of ringgit to visit Europe, Egypt or China - is that a waste of money? Of course the hard earned money can be spent on basic needs like food and stuff - but my travels over the year has made me wiser and broad minded - less of a katak di bawah tempurung. A better person I would like to think. I certainly don’t think that I’m being a show off. It is naive for anyone to just look at Dr Muszaphar trip purely as sending one guy to hitch a ride to space. Do you know that many other malaysians get to participate in the program? There are many of our scientists and engineers who managed to access the highly guarded space know-how that has cost the Americans and Russians billions of dollars and took them 40+ years to develop. The value of knowledge gained by them plus that by Dr Sheikh - is priceless. We don’t have to talk big and try to be the next space super power. Even if these knowledge enabled some entrepreneurial talents among us to do, say … manufacture and supply space fabrics or repair and maintain equipments for the upcoming space tourism industry, the income to the country will give ROI many times over the RM30 million spent. Too ambitious you say? Look at the business earned by AIROD and CTRM in the aviation industry. CTRM is making composite wing panels for the state-of-the-art A380 Airbus planes for a cool US$300 million. What about you and me - normal people who just cheered at the TV screen Dataran Merdeka or in Serom 3, Muar? At the very least, this Angkasawan program give a morale boost and feel good factor. We sure do need them after strings of gruesome news of child killings, rape and accidents of recent time. It feels good walking around the world being a Malaysian - people know us and don’t look down on us. Maybe to us, KLCC Towers, F1 at Sepang, MSC etc don’t mean much - but trust me it helps when you are in New York and don’t have to explain where Malaysia is. Maybe now they will know us for the space program as well. My 9 year old nephew has always been fascinated with space, stars etc. When asked what he’s going to be in the future, he proudly answers “An astronaut - like Star Trek” and his mum will shush him “Mengarutlah budak ni… tak masuk akal”. She is proud of him now and hopefully in 9 years time he will get the full support to make his dream come true. Somebody also asked me, “Who’s your greatest space idol?” My answer is Prophet Muhammad who is the first (and only) man with recorded inter-galactic space travel during his Isra’ Mikraj journey. To and fro within 24 hours? It is still beyond our comprehension exactly how and what that is achieved. This space program allows us to take a small step towards understanding that and hopefully, we’ll make more progress in the future. Anyway, this is something for a different discussion. Now…the ‘Malaysia Boleh’ chant may seem crude - but only if one has no dream and ambition. This simple chant is magical as one by one, layer by layer, it actually allows us to knock off the colonial inferiority complex and make us believe in ourselves. Go to space? Boleh! Build F1 tracks all over the world? Boleh Be world No 1 in sports? Boleh Conquer Everest and Antartica? Boleh. If you dare not dream, how do you live?
Angkasawan Blastoff Yesterday, 10/10/07, is the day when the first Malaysian will go to space. Dr Sheikh Muzaffar won the place after a unique nationwide public-call selection was held 2 years ago. This maybe old news in USA where anyone can go to space by paying a fare of just $5 million (or something like that), but it certainly has caught the imagination of the people here. Going to space? Where no one can hear you scream? That’s so orbit man. I for one is envious of the charming Doc. Looking out the window at that blue orb down there
whilst floating in the air. That has been one of my childhood dreams - stoked by the adventures of those TV series ‘Space 1999′ (wah… at that time year 1999 sounds sooo futuristic) and to a lesser extent ‘Lost In Space’. Except that I know for sure that I would have failed at round 2 of the selection process (especially those that involved physical stamina). I had a chance talking with Dr Sheikh at the time when he just came back the final 8 selection process in Lumut and let me tell you, it was tough physically and mentally. Just look at the picture below of the Soyuz TMA-II spaceship, all ready to blast off tomorrow with the Malaysian flag proudly hoisted side by side with the American and Russian flags. Doesn’t it make you proud (if you’re a Malaysian of course).
“It’s too exciting to be cold,” said Shankini Dovaisingam, a Malaysian aerospace engineer observing the final preparations. “It’s amazing to see the Malaysian flag on a Soyuz spaceship.” If you want to know what exactly they’ll be doing, check out the astronaut’s daily activities schedule from MyCen. This flight actually get pretty good coverage from international media. Browsing the web, it seems however that they are more fascinated with the fact that Dr Sheikh is a Muslim and how is he going to perform his obligations, with fasting month, daily prayers and all. Space.com highlighted that it’s not compulsory for him to fast . Tehran Times elaborated about the Malaysia’s comprehensive guidebook for Muslims in space called ‘Guidelines for Performing Islamic Rites at the International Space Station ‘ and Wired magazine has a good discussion on how Dr Sheikh can pinpoint his qiblat for his prayers. The same topics are also highlighted in CBS news and Discover magazine . Hmmm… it seems that not many people are very excited about the scientific experiments that this angkasawan plan to carry out on board. Over the 12 days in space, he’s to do the study of the effects of microgravity and space radiation on cells and microbes plus experiments with proteins for a potential HIV vaccine. Pretty boring stuff, you think? That Discover article above does mention about a software called ‘Muslim in Space’ developed by an electrical engineer from University Malaya, Zainol Abidin. The software calculates when spacefaring Muslims should pray and, using spherical trigonometry, discerns the direction of the Ka’aba. He is porting it to a PDA so that future astronauts can easily carry onto the station. I should get one of those don’t you think. Just in case - I’ll need it when I board Richard Branson’s SpaceShipTwo soon. Watch out for Ash’s space adventure in the new 8tv series - ‘Space 2020′
There are a few places left in Malaysia where a visitor feels as if you have stepped back into an entirely different era. That is the impression I have taken back with me from visiting Sg. Lembing (sungai, Malay for river), a small township about 40 km from Kuantan on the east coast of Malaysia. Sg. Lembing is a small mining township that developed some two hundred years ago. The name probably honours one of its earliest pioneers, a migrant Chinese called Ah Lim Beng. But the history of mining in this area extends much further back, to prehistoric civilisations. The Sg. Lembing town, which developed in the late 1800s, is a reminder of the lengths the British would persevere in order to make some money from the hinterlands of their colonies.
One fine weekend, we cycled out from Kuantan to the old town of Sg. Lembing. For the early part of the journey, we passed small industries and town ships that characterises the New Malaysia, but soon all traces of an emerging economy disappears, and small villages and forests dominate the landscape. At the end of this scenic road, is the small town of Sg. Lembing. The colonial town plan, with generous plantings of shade trees, is clearly apparent in this small town. Passed the playing fields, is the domain of the tin miners. The British in their day, had maintained the playing field immaculately and thus making cricket in the tropics possible. According to residents, at one time, British Gentlemen clubs and English daily newspapers (such as the Times) were all available at Sungai Lembing. From the vantage point of the hill, large colonial houses (former residences of the early European miners) look down upon the town and the Lembing River. The tin mines processing factory lies ahead, and a nearby a small Malay community resides, descendants of the early miners that worked the area for tin.
The pit-mines of Sg. Lembing were closed in the 1986. Thus ending a long history of pit-mining that extended to the early 1880s. Pit-mining was not a favoured method of tin-extraction, as it was both dangerous and costly to maintain. But the tin deposits in the area were rich enough to justify such methods and to sustain nearly a 100 years of ore extraction. In the early days, the whole township was almost wholly under the care of the company; the roads, electricity, schools and health care being the responsibility of the company. It was incredible how they maintained this town, so far from Kuantan deep in the virgin jungle. Although the pit-mines have ceased to be used, a company has bought over the rights to the tin-ores of this area and continues to extract tin. The scale of operation is not what it used to be, and only an open cast method is being employed. A core group of about 30 old men appear to be the only ones left on the payroll!
Sg. Lembing is not a well-known recreation area, but apart from its historical attraction, the area offers some exciting outdoor opportunity. The more adventurous will find some challenging off-road trails that lead into virgin forests. Fishing appears to be popular further upstream from Sg. Lembing, and on the upper reaches of Sg. Kuantan. For me though, the roads are ideal for cycling, being both scenic and free from bustling traffic, and the journey from Kuantan is achievable even by us mere (non-tour de Langkawi type) mortals!
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world, and some Western historians have noted that its architectural beauty has never been surpassed. The Taj is the most beautiful monument built by the Mughals, the Muslim rulers of India. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
Taj Mahal was built by a Muslim, Emperor Shah Jahan (died 1666 C.E.) in the memory of his dear wife and queen Mumtaz Mahal at Agra, India. It is an "elegy in marble" or some say an expression of a "dream." Taj Mahal (meaning Crown Palace) is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal at the lower chamber. The grave of Shah Jahan was added to it later. The queen’s real name was Arjumand Banu. In the tradition of the Mughals, important ladies of the royal family were given another name at their marriage or at some other significant event in their lives, and that new name was commonly used by the public. Shah Jahan's real name was Shahab-ud-din, and he was known as Prince Khurram before ascending to the throne in 1628.
Taj Mahal was constructed over a period of twenty-two years, employing twenty thousand workers. It was completed in 1648 C.E. at a cost of 32 Million Rupees. The construction documents show that its master architect was Ustad ‘Isa, the renowned Islamic architect of his time. The documents contain names of those employed and the inventory of construction materials and their origin. Expert craftsmen from Delhi, Qannauj, Lahore, and Multan were employed. In addition, many renowned Muslim craftsmen from Baghdad, Shiraz and Bukhara worked on many specialized tasks.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The entire mausoleum (inside as well as outside) is decorated with inlaid design of flowers and calligraphy using precious gems such as agate and jasper. The main archways, chiseled with passages from the Holy Qur’an and the bold scroll work of flowery pattern, give a captivating charm to its beauty. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it. The large garden contains four reflecting pools dividing it at the center. Each of these four sections is further subdivided into four sections and then each into yet another four sections. Like the Taj, the garden elements serve like Arabesque, standing on their own and also constituting the whole.
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Nokia Corporation (pronunciation /'nɔkiɑ/) OMX: NOK1V, NYSE: NOK, FWB: NOA3) is a Finnish multinational communications corporation, headquartered in Keilaniemi, Espoo, a city neighbouring Finland's capital Helsinki. Nokia is focused on wireless and wired telecommunications, with 112,262 employees in 120 countries, sales in more than 150 countries and global annual revenue of 51.1 billion euros and operating profit of 8.0 billion as of 2007.
It is the world's largest manufacturer of mobile telephones: its global device market share was about 40% in Q2 of 2008, up from 38% in Q2 2007 and up from 39% sequentially.
Nokia produces mobile phones for every major market segment and protocol, including GSM, CDMA, and W-CDMA (UMTS). Nokia's subsidiary Nokia Siemens Networks produces telecommunications network equipments, solutions and services.
Nokia has sites for research and development, manufacturing and sales in many continents throughout the world. As of March 2008, Nokia had R&D centers in 10 countries and employed 30,415 people in research and development, representing approximately 27% of Nokia’s total workforce. Nokia Research Center, founded in 1986, is Nokia's industrial research unit of about 800 researchers, engineers and scientists.It has sites in seven countries: Finland, Denmark, Germany, China, Japan, United Kingdom and United States. Besides its NRCs, in 2001 Nokia founded (and owns) INdT - Nokia Institute of Technology, a R&D institute located in Brazil. Nokia production facilities are located at Espoo, Oulu and Salo, Finland; Manaus, Brazil; Beijing, Dongguan and Suzhou, China; Fleet, England; Bochum (closing planned for mid-2008), Germany; Komárom, Hungary; Chennai, India; Reynosa, Mexico; Jucu, Romania and Masan, South Korea. Nokia's Design Department remains in Salo, Finland.
Nokia plays a very large role in the economy of Finland: it is by far the largest Finnish company, accounting for about a third of the market capitalization of the Helsinki Stock Exchange (OMX Helsinki) as of 2007; a unique situation for an industrialized country. It is an important employer in Finland and several small companies have grown into large ones as Nokia's subcontractors. Nokia increased Finland's GDP by more than 1.5% in 1999 alone. In 2004 Nokia's share of the Finland's GDP was 3.5% and accounted for almost a quarter of Finland's exports in 2003. In 2006, Nokia generated revenue that for the first time exceeded the state budget of Finland.
Finns have ranked Nokia many times as the best Finnish brand and employer. Valued at $35.9 billion, the Nokia brand is listed as the 5th most valuable global brand in Interbrand/BusinessWeek's Best Global Brands list of 2008 (1st non-US company). It is the number one brand in Asia (as of 2007) and Europe (as of 2008), the 23rd most admirable company worldwide in Fortune's World's Most Admired Companies list of 2008 (tied with Exxon Mobil; 2nd in Network Communications, 5th non-US company), and is the world's 88th largest company in Fortune Global 500 list of 2008, up from 119 of the previous year. As of 2008, AMR Research ranks Nokia's global supply chain number two in the world.
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me08069
The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) is a species of Bottlenose Dolphin. The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin grows to 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) long, and weigh up to 230 kilograms (510 lb). It lives in the waters around India, northern Australia, South China, the Red Sea, and the eastern coast of Africa. Its back is dark-grey and belly is lighter grey or nearly white with grey spots.
Until 1998, all Bottlenose Dolphins were considered members of the single species T. truncatus. In that year, the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin was recognized as a separate species. The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin is generally smaller than the Common Bottlenose Dolphin, has a proportionately longer rostrum, and has spots on its belly and lower sides. The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin also has more teeth than the Common Bottlenose Dolphin — 23 to 29 teeth on each side of each jaw for the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin, compared to 21 to 24 for the Common Bottlenose Dolphin. There is evidence that the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin may actually be more closely related to certain dolphin species in the genera Stenella and Delphinus, especially the Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (S. frontalis), than it is to the Common Bottlenose Dolphin.
Much of the old scientific data in the field combine data about the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin and the Common Bottlenose Dolphin into a single group, making it effectively useless in determining the structural differences between the two species. The IUCN lists both species as data deficient in their Red List of endangered species because of this issue.
Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins live in groups that can number in the hundreds, but groups of 5 to 15 dolphins are most common. In some parts of their range they associate with the Common Bottlenose Dolphin. It also associates with other dolphin species, such as the humpback dolphin.
The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin has a peak mating and calving season in spring and summer, although mating and calving occur throughout the year in some regions. Gestation period is about 12 months. Calves are between 0.84 and 1.5 metres (2.8 and 4.9 ft) long, and weigh between 9 and 21 kilograms (20 and 46 lb). The calves are weaned between 1.5 and 2 years, but can remain with their mother for up to 5 years. The interbirth interval for females is typically 4 to 6 years.
In some parts of its range, the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin is subject to predation by sharks.[5] The Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin can live more than 40 years.
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me08069
Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat), is a temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation—first Hindu, dedicated to Vishnu, then Buddhist. The temple is the epitome of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors.
Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple mountain and the later galleried temple, based on early South Indian architecture, with key features such as the Jagati. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 km (2.2 miles) long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs and for the numerous devatas (guardian spirits) adorning its walls.
The modern name, Angkor Wat, in use by the 16th century,[1] means "City Temple": Angkor is a vernacular form of the word nokor which comes from the Sanskrit word nagara (capital), while wat is the Khmer word for temple. Prior to this time the temple was known as Preah Pisnulok, after the posthumous title of its founder, Suryavarman
assalamualaikum and happy eid to madam..
final examination just around the corner.so,i want share some tips before we meet final examination.
1. Start studying at least one week before the final exam. To ace your final exam, you must spend several hours studying, but this doesn’t mean studying all night before the final exam. This never seems to work anyway. But, if you spend an hour each night for a week before the final exam, you’ll slowly take in the information and remember it.
2. Read all of the assignments when they are assigned. Reading ten chapters worth of material the week before the final exam will not work. In order to ace your final exam, you must read the material when your instructor assigns it. When you try to read all that material in one week, before your final exam, it’s simply too much to take in. You must be able to remember this material in order to ace your final exam.
3. Memorize important information. If you pay attention in class, your instructor will, more than likely, mention pieces of information and say that they will be on the final exam. Write these down and memorize them. If you want to ace your final exam, pay attention to any piece of information that seems important. When reading a chapter in your textbook, highlight anything that even sounds like it might be on the text. The final exam will, more than likely, be just like the midterm you took earlier in the semester.
4. Think about the midterm exam. What was the layout of that exam? Most instructors will use the same layout for the final exam. If you know that the test was a fill in the blank type test, you’ll know to memorize important dates, names, and vocabulary words. If the layout is multiple choice you should study important facts.
5. Listen to your instructor. Most instructors will tell you exactly what the final exam will be, if you just listen. Your instructor wants you to ace your final exam and will help you. An instructor may tell you important pieces of information that you should write down, they may tell you the layout of the final exam, and they may even give you a study sheet of the questions that will be asked.
6. Make your own study sheet. After you have written down important facts, names, vocabulary words, pieces of information your instructor gave you, and anything you highlighted in your textbook you should make a study sheet of this material. This will make it much easier for you to study for and ace your final exam.
7. Have someone quiz you. After you have studied, ask a friend or family member to quiz you. As they ask you questions, have them highlight the information you didn’t remember. Then after you have studied some more, they can quiz you on the information you didn’t know or you could quiz yourself.
8. Quiz yourself. This may sound impossible, but it’s not. Take the information you didn’t know and write it down on a piece of paper. For example, if you missed vocabulary words, write down the words and then put the study sheet away. This will allow you to quiz yourself and see if you have memorized the information.
9. Talk with your instructor. If your instructor hasn’t given your class any idea of what will be on the final exam, just ask. Your instructor may be willing to tell you the layout, what to study, etc.
10. Write down dates. Nothing is worse than walking into class and finding out today is the final exam. You may have been studying, but still not completely ready. In order to ace your final exam, you must keep up with when the test will be given. This ensures that you will give yourself enough time to study and ace the final exam.
but the most important is as muslim we must work hard,pray and tawakal to Allah.
best of luck!!!!!!!!!!!
The culture of Ancient Egypt lived along the Nile river in Egypt from before the 5th millennium BC until the 4th Century AD. Ancient Egyptian society was based on farming the fertile Nile valley which flooded every year, enriching the soil with nutrients. The government of ancient Egypt, headed by the Pharaoh, was responsible for organizing farming efforts and collecting taxes for the state, which protected the country's borders and built grand monuments to the gods. The ancient Egyptian civilization effectively ended after the Roman domination, but the pyramids and colossal statues they left behind stand as testimony to the power of the pharaohs.
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me08069
Did you know..
The largest known prime number is the largest integer that is currently known to be a prime number.
Graph of number of digits in largest known prime by year, since the electronic computer. Note that the vertical scale is logarithmic.
Graph of number of digits in largest known prime by year, since the electronic computer. Note that the vertical scale is logarithmic.
It was proven by Euclid that there are infinitely many prime numbers; thus, there is always a prime greater than the largest known prime. Many mathematicians and hobbyists search for large prime numbers. There are several prizes offered by the Electronic Frontier Foundation for record primes.
Because the FFT implementation of the Lucas–Lehmer test for Mersenne numbers is faster than other known primality tests for other kinds of primes, many of the largest known primes are Mersenne primes. As of September 2008 there were eight Mersenne primes among the ten largest known primes. The last 14 record primes were Mersenne primes. Before that was a single non-Mersenne (improving the record by merely 37 digits in 1989), and 17 more Mersenne primes going back to 1952.
The use of electronic computers has accelerated the discoveries and found all records since 1951. The record passed one million digits in 1999, earning a $50,000 prize.
As of September 2008, the largest known prime was discovered by the distributed computing project Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS):
243,112,609 − 1.
This was found to be a prime number on August 23, 2008. This number is 12,978,189 digits long and is (chronologically) the 45th known Mersenne prime.
Its predecessor as largest known prime, 232,582,657 − 1, was first shown to be prime on September 4, 2006 by GIMPS also. GIMPS found the 11 latest records on ordinary computers operated by participants around the world.
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me08069
About NASA....
NASA has had many successful space missions and programs, including over 150 manned missions. Many of the notable manned missions were from the Apollo program, a sequence of missions to the Moon which included the achievement of the first man to walk on the Moon, during Apollo 11. The Space Shuttle program has also been a success,[citation needed] despite the loss of two of the Space Shuttles, Challenger and Columbia which resulted in the deaths of their entire crews. The Space Shuttles were able to dock with the space station Mir while it was operational, and are now able to dock with the International Space Station – a joint project of many space agencies. NASA's future plans for space exploration are with the Project Constellation.
There have been many unmanned NASA space missions as well, including at least one that visited each of the other seven planets in our Solar System, and four missions (Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2) that have left our solar system. There has been much recent success with the missions to Mars, including the Mars Exploration Rovers, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the Phoenix Mars Lander. NASA remains the only space agency to have launched space missions to the outer solar system beyond the asteroid belt.
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
The Cassini probe, launched in 1997 and in orbit around Saturn since mid-2004, is investigating Saturn and its inner satellites. With over twenty years in the making, Cassini-Huygens is an example of international cooperation between JPL-NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).
Built entirely by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, NASA probes have been continually performing science at Mars since 1997, with at least two orbiters since 2001 and several Mars rovers. The orbiting Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter will continue monitoring the geology and climate of the Red Planet, as well as searching for evidence of past or present water and life, as they have since 2001 and 2006, respectively. If the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft's nine-year lifetime is typical, these probes will continue to advance our knowledge for years to come. The Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity have been traversing the surface of Mars at Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum since early 2004, and will continue to image and investigate those environments. They have both already operated over seventeen times longer than expected, and remain a promising part of NASA's future. Adding to this flotilla is the Phoenix Mars Lander, which executed a perfect powered touchdown in the northern latitudes of Mars on May 25, 2008 after a 10-month journey of more than 420 million miles.
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me08069
Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation.
The average global air temperature near the Earth's surface increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100 years ending in 2005. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes "most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations" via an enhanced greenhouse effect. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950 onward.
These basic conclusions have been endorsed by at least 30 scientific societies and academies of science, including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries. While individual scientists have voiced disagreement with some findings of the IPCC, the overwhelming majority of scientists working on climate change agree with the IPCC's main conclusions.
Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface temperature will likely rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the twenty-first century. This range of values results from the use of differing scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions as well as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most studies focus on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is a result of the large heat capacity of the oceans.
Increasing global temperature is expected to cause sea levels to rise, an increase in the intensity of extreme weather events, and significant changes to the amount and pattern of precipitation, likely leading to an expanse of tropical areas and increased pace of desertification. Other expected effects of global warming include changes in agricultural yields, modifications of trade routes, glacier retreat, mass species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors.
Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the future, and how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but there is ongoing political and public debate worldwide regarding what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its expected consequences.
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me08069
About rocket..
A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust by the reaction of the rocket to the ejection of fast moving fluid from a rocket engine. Chemical rockets work by the action of hot gas produced by the combustion of the propellant against the inside of combustion chambers and expansion nozzles. This generates forces that accelerate the gas to extremely high speed and exert a large thrust on the rocket (since every action has an equal and opposite reaction).
The history of rockets goes back to at least the 13th century.
By the 20th century, they have enabled human spaceflight to the Moon. In the 21st century, they have made commercial space tourism possible.
Rockets are used for fireworks and weaponry, as launch vehicles for artificial satellites, human spaceflight and exploration of other planets. While inefficient for low speed use, they are, compared to other propulsion systems, very lightweight and powerful, capable of attaining extremely high speeds with reasonable efficiency.
Chemical rockets store a large amount of energy in an easily-released form, and can be very dangerous. However, careful design, testing, construction, and use minimize the risks.
Larger rockets are normally launched from a launch pad which serves as stable support until a few seconds after ignition.
About Rocket..
A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust by the reaction of the rocket to the ejection of fast moving fluid from a rocket engine. Chemical rockets work by the action of hot gas produced by the combustion of the propellant against the inside of combustion chambers and expansion nozzles. This generates forces that accelerate the gas to extremely high speed and exert a large thrust on the rocket (since every action has an equal and opposite reaction).
The history of rockets goes back to at least the 13th century.By the 20th century, they have enabled human spaceflight to the Moon. In the 21st century, they have made commercial space tourism possible.
Rockets are used for fireworks and weaponry, as launch vehicles for artificial satellites, human spaceflight and exploration of other planets. While inefficient for low speed use, they are, compared to other propulsion systems, very lightweight and powerful, capable of attaining extremely high speeds with reasonable efficiency.
Chemical rockets store a large amount of energy in an easily-released form, and can be very dangerous. However, careful design, testing, construction, and use minimize the risks.
Larger rockets are normally launched from a launch pad which serves as stable support until a few seconds after ignition.
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Lets Read...
Forensic electrical engineering is a branch of forensic engineering, and is concerned with investigating electrical failures and accidents in a legal context. Many forensic electrical engineering investigations apply to fires suspected to be caused by electrical failures. Forensic electrical engineers are most commonly retained by insurance companies or attorneys representing insurance companies, or by manufacturers or contractors defending themselves against subrogation by insurance companies. Other areas of investigation include accident investigation involving electrocution, and intellectual property disputes such as patent actions. Additionally, since electrical fires are most often cited as the cause for "suspect" fires an electrical engineer is often employed to evaluate the electrical equipment and systems to determine that the cause of the fire was/or was not electrical in nature.
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assalamualaikum...
Effective Study skills are about more than understanding
Effective study skills must be practiced in order for you to improve. It is not enough to simply "think about" studying; you have to actually do it, and in the process use information from what you do to get better. This is the central idea of this page. All that follows depends on this single concept. There is a saying that goes like this: "Practice doesn't make perfect; perfect practice makes perfect." If you want to be an achiever, take this saying to heart.
The value of a schedule
Before you even begin to think about the process of studying, you must develop a schedule. If you don't have a schedule or plan for studying, then you will not have any way of allocating your valuable time when the unexpected comes up. A good, well thought out schedule can be a lifesaver. It's up to you to learn how develop a schedule that meets your needs, revise it if necessary, and most important, follow it.
A schedule saves time
All schedules should be made with the idea that they can be revised. A good schedule keeps you from wandering off course. A good schedule, if properly managed, assigns time where time is needed, but you've got to want to do it!
Making every hour count
A schedule should take into account every class, laboratory, lecture, social event, and other work in which you engage. There are givens such as classes and so on that have to be incorporated. You must focus on the other "free time" available and how you will use it. Make a weekly schedule and block off the 24 hour day in one hour increments. Indicate times for classes, labs, lectures, social, and work time. Also block off a period for sleeping each day. With what is left over, plan time for study. This gives you a rough road map of the time available. Of course, you can revise your schedule as circumstances warrant.
When to study
The problem of when to study is critical. A good rule of thumb is that studying should be carried out only when you are rested, alert, and have planned for it. Last minute studying just before a class is usually a waste of time.
Studying for lecture courses
If your study period is before the lecture class, be sure you have read all the assignments and made notes on what you don't understand. If the study period is after the lecture class, review the notes you took during class while the information is still fresh.
Studying for recitation courses
For classes that require recitation, such as foreign language, be sure to schedule a study period just before the class. Use the time to practice. Sometimes, practice with others can help sharpen your skills in a before-class study period.
Making and revising a schedule
Don't be afraid to revise your schedule. Schedules are really plans for how you intend to use your time. If your schedule doesn't work, revise it. You must understand that your schedule is to help you develop good study habits. Once you have developed them, schedule building becomes easier.
The Process of Study
How to use your time
Time is the most valuable resource a student has. It is also one of the most wasted of resources. The schedule you develop should guide you in how to allocate the available time in the most productive manner. Sticking to your schedule can be tough. Don't dribble away valuable time. Avoiding study is the easiest thing in the world. It's up to you to follow the schedule you prepared. A good deal of your success in high school or college depends on this simple truth.
Where to study
You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries, study lounges or private rooms are best. Above all, the place you choose to study should not be distracting. Distractions can build up, and the first thing you know, you're out of time and out of luck. Make choosing a good physical environment a part of your study habits.
Strategies
Thinking skills
Everybody has thinking skills, but few use them effectively. Effective thinking skills cannot be studied, but must be built up over a period of time. Good thinkers see possibilities where others see only dead-ends. If you're not a good thinker, start now by developing habits that make you ask yourself questions as you read. Talk to other students who you feel are good thinkers. Ask them what it is they do when they think critically or creatively. Often times, you can pick up valuable insights to help you become a better thinker.
The SQ3R method
The SQ3R method has been a proven way to sharpen study skills. SQ3R stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review. Take a moment now and write SQ3R down. It is a good slogan to commit to memory to carry out an effective study strategy.
Survey - get the best overall picture of what you're going to study BEFORE you study it an any detail. It's like looking at a road map before going on a trip. If you don't know the territory, studying a map is the best way to begin.
Question - ask questions for learning. The important things to learn are usually answers to questions. Questions should lead to emphasis on the what, why, how, when, who and where of study content. Ask yourself questions as you read or study. As you answer them, you will help to make sense of the material and remember it more easily because the process will make an impression on you. Those things that make impressions are more meaningful, and therefore more easily remembered. Don't be afraid to write your questions in the margins of textbooks, on lecture notes, or wherever it makes sense.
Read - Reading is NOT running your eyes over a textbook. When you read, read actively. Read to answer questions you have asked yourself or questions the instructor or author has asked. Always be alert to bold or italicized print. The authors intend that this material receive special emphasis. Also, when you read, be sure to read everything, including tables, graphs and illustrations. Often times tables, graphs and illustrations can convey an idea more powerfully than written text.
Recite - When you recite, you stop reading periodically to recall what you have read. Try to recall main headings, important ideas of concepts presented in bold or italicized type, and what graphs charts or illustrations indicate. Try to develop an overall concept of what you have read in your own words and thoughts. Try to connect things you have just read to things you already know. When you do this periodically, the chances are you will remember much more and be able to recall material for papers, essays and objective tests.
Review - A review is a survey of what you have covered. It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish, not what you are going to do. Rereading is an important part of the review process. Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from the process. During review, it's a good time to go over notes you have taken to help clarify points you may have missed or don't understand. The best time to review is when you have just finished studying something. Don't wait until just before an examination to begin the review process. Before an examination, do a final review. If you manage your time, the final review can be thought of as a "fine-tuning" of your knowledge of the material. Thousands of high school and college students have followed the SQ3R steps to achieve higher grades with less stress.
Reading
A primary means by which you acquire information is through reading. In college you're expected to do much more reading than in high school. Don't assume just because you've "read" the assignments that is the end of it. You must learn to read with a purpose. In studying, you may read the same assignment three or four times, each time with a different purpose. You must know before you begin reading what your purpose is, and read accordingly.
Getting the Main Idea
Getting the main idea in reading is central to effective studying. You must learn what the author's central idea is, and understand it in your own way. Every paragraph contains a main idea. Main ideas are perfect for outlining textbooks. Make it a habit to find the main idea in each paragraph you read.
Extracting Important Details
Extracting important details means that you locate in your reading the basis for main ideas. There is usually one important detail associated with every main idea. The more important details you can identify, the easier it will be to review for examinations because you have made a link between an idea and information that supports it. The more links you can make between details and ideas, as well as ideas themselves, the more powerful will be the efforts of your study.
Don't Read Aloud to Yourself
Generally, reading aloud to yourself does not help you study more effectively. If you move your lips while you read, you're not reading efficiently. If you read aloud or move your lips while you're reading, you are reading slowly, so stop moving your lips. Try putting a finger over your lips. Your finger will remind you not to move your lips. Make an effort to read faster and retain more - after a while, you'll be surprised how little effort it will take.
Taking Notes
Like reading, note-taking is a skill which must be learned and refined. Almost invariably, note taking, or the lack of it, is a constant deficiency in the study methods of many high school and college students. Learning the ingredients of good note taking is rather easy; applying them to your own situation depends on how serious you are in becoming a successful student.
Where to Keep Notes
You must learn to keep notes logically and legibly. Remember, if you can't read your own writing a few days after taking notes, they are of little use. By all accounts, the best place to keep notes is in a loose-leaf notebook. Use dividers to separate the different classes you take. Make it a habit of using your notebook to record ALL your notes. If you're caught without your notebook and need to take notes, always have a supply of loose-leaf paper with you. Insert your note papers into the notebook as soon as you can. Be sure to buy a good notebook, as it will get a lot of wear and tear.
Outlining Textbooks
First of all, don't underline. Use a highlighter. Experience has shown that text passages highlighted are more easily remembered than the same passages underlined. In outlining a text, don't just read along and highlight what seem to important words. That technique rarely works. The act of outlining works much better.
Taking Lecture Notes
Surveying, Questioning, Listening
Taking accurate and concise lecture notes is essential. Develop the habit of taking notes using appropriate methods described earlier in the SQ3R technique. For example, when you listen to a lecture, formulate questions as you listen. Your main job in taking lecture notes is to be a good listener. To be a good listener, you must learn to focus and concentrate on the main points of the lecture. Get them down, and then later reorganize them in your own words. Once you have done this, you have set the stage for successful reviewing and revising.
Reviewing and Revising
As you prepare for examinations, tests, or other assessments, you should spend time reviewing and revising your lecture notes. Begin the process by reviewing your notes right after a lecture. If you wait too long, you may discover that the notes just don't make sense. Don't hesitate to revise your notes based on the review process.
Research Notes
Any form of note-taking that requires compilation of information by categories, rather than in narrative form is best done using index cards. You can sort, edit and arrange index cards to suit your particular study needs. The most important point in using cards is to indicate the correct reference or topic at the top of the card. Use the cards for study, review, to help organize information for papers, reports, or projects. An even better idea, if you have a personal computer, is to organize your categorical information in a database. Once you set it up, finding, updating and adding new information is quite easy. If you have a printer, you can print out your notes in a variety of ways.
Taking Examinations
Objective Examinations
Surveying
Survey any objective examination to find out what types of questions are being asked. Surveying helps you to know what to expect.
Knowing the Ground Rules
Always read directions! Indicate your answers exactly the way the directions state. Make sure your answers are clear. Determine what the scoring rules for the test are and follow them to your advantage. For example, if wrong answers are penalized, don't guess unless you can reduce the choices to two.
Answering Easy Questions First
Answering easy (to you) questions first is the best strategy. If you stumble over difficult questions for too long a time, you may not be able to complete the exam.
Picking out Key Words
Objective examination questions usually contain one or more key words. A key word or group of words are those on which the truth or falsity of a statement hinges. Learn to spot the key words in the statement that define the meaning. If a statement contains two clauses, one of which is false, the whole statement is false. Usually, two-statement true-false questions are either both true or both false.
Reading Multiple-Choice Questions
Multiple choice questions are essentially true-false questions arranged in groups. Usually, only one alternative is correct. Your job is to pick the alternative that is more nearly true than the others. Read multiple-choice questions the same way as for true-false. Eliminate obvious false choices.
Reading Other Types of Questions
The methods used to answer true-false and multiple choice questions apply to matching questions as well. Always scan the entire list of alternatives before matching any. As in the other types of questions, try to identify key words in each list and test them. Completion questions require you to provide a word or phrase. When you encounter completion questions, choose your words carefully. If you don't know the answer, give it your best guess, as often times such responses get at least partial credit.
Essay Examinations
Planning your time in answering essay questions is more important than in objective type tests. The general rule is not to get carried away on one or two questions to the extent that you cannot answer that other questions in the time allowed. Read through the entire examination first. Get a feel for the questions you are expected to answer. If the exam allows you to choose from a number of questions, be sure to number your answers exactly to match the questions.
When you follow directions for an essay exam, pay attention to the key words the instructor has included. Such words as "list," "describe," "compare and contrast," and "outline" have special meaning. Don't "write around" the question but answer it directly. If a question asks you to list something, don't write a narrative about it. Answering essay questions directly is always the best policy.
After scanning the list of questions to be answered, choose the ones you know most about. A good idea is to prepare an outline of your answers. The outline will help you remember important ideas and facts to be included in your response. Another technique is to do a "memory-dump." This technique is discussed in the last section of this guide, "Power Study Tips."
Good handwriting is an absolute essential. If your cursive writing is very hard to read, try printing instead. Most instructors value clear handwriting. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling also count. Well-written grammatically correct answers almost always receive higher grades than poorly written grammatically incorrect answers, even though the answers themselves are the same.
Writing Themes and Reports
Reviewing the Topic
Students usually have some freedom to choose the subject of themes or reports. When you make this choice, be sure that the topic is acceptable to the teacher, and is as interesting to you as possible. Another consideration is that of availability of resource material. Your task is made much easier when there is a good amount of reference and resource material available.
Using Correct Punctuation and Grammar
As in writing essays questions, good grammar and punctuation are a must. Most students use word processors to write papers. Be sure to use the spell checker that almost all word processors have built in. Many word processors also have some sort of grammar checker. Learn to use a grammar checker, as it can point out serious flaws in your writing and help you become a better writer. Most grammar checkers explain the grammar rules that apply to the suggested corrections to your writing.
Gathering Materials Before You Write
Before you begin writing, assemble the materials you will need. Use index cards, notes, bibliographies, summaries, reports and reviews as part of your preparation process. Using index cards for references is an excellent way to organize your materials. Computer database programs can also help you classify and organize reference materials.
Preparing an Outline and Writing the Paper
Once you have your topic, have gathered and organized your materials, it is time to outline your paper. Put your outline on paper! Don't make the mistake of trying to keep everything in your head. Make your outline in the form of main headings or ideas with sub-headings fleshing out the flow of the paper. Using the outline as a guide begin writing begin by asking yourself what the paper is going to say and what conclusions you want to reach. Doing this ahead of time will help keep you focused and prevent you from straying from the purpose of the paper. Making up the outline as you go along almost always results in a less than satisfactory product. Writing is important in high school and is a key to success in college and in many professions. Become a good writer by writing, revising, and reviewing your work. Don't be afraid to ask other students to critique your work. Try to write in your own natural style, be aware that most good writers go through many revisions, and be prepared to do the same. Writing and test-taking are the end results of developing good study skills. There is no magic formula for success. If you follow the suggestions in this guide, apply them and think about them, you'll have taken a giant step toward becoming a successful student.
Power Studying Tips for College Students
The following tips have proven to be extremely powerful guides for organizing, thinking, studying, and learning in college. They represent the best advice of successful college students. The can also work for high school students.
Study Space
Tip: Your study space should be as quiet and comfortable as possible. Avoid studying in noisy places such as cafeterias, recreation rooms, or lounges.
Tip: When studying, keep a waste basket handy.
Tip: Have a consistent place for everything, and above all, keep it there!
Tip: Have everything needed for study handy beforehand. Don't waste valuable time looking for books, notes, of other information. After you have assembled the items you need, put them where you can reach them easily.
Study Habits
Tip: Begin study no less than 30-90 minutes after a meal.
Tip: Never study within 30 minutes of going to sleep.
Tip: Prioritize! Make a list of what you intend to study, prioritize the list, and stick to it!
Tip: If possible, study no more than 30-40 minutes at a stretch. Many students retain more by studying for short periods with breaks in between. It all depends on what you're trying to study, but generally, after a period of study, take a break.
Tip: Take study breaks away from your desk or wherever you are studying. Let the break be a time to think about other things. Use some break time to reflect, not constantly review what you have just studied.
The Classroom
Tip: Distractions in the classroom are deadly. To help avoid distractions, sit near the front of the class. You're less likely to miss something important, and there are far less distractions at the front than any other location.
Tip: Think! Thinking is one of the most important things you can do in class. If you just sit there passively, and not think, class can be deadly. Think about what the teacher is saying BEFORE writing down anything. Writing down each word is a WASTE OF TIME. Reorganize in your mind what the teacher says, and then write it down. This way you will be connecting the teacher's words with HOW you think. If you do this, your notes will make a lot more sense later on.
Tip: Pay attention to the course outline or syllabus. Generally, important points and materials are referenced here and repeated. Don't be afraid to ask the teacher if there is something you don't understand. Most teachers will be glad to clarify for you.
Preparing for Class
Tip: Efficient students do not underline! Underlining is not a productive way to emphasize textbook material. It's best to use a highlighter.
Tip: Read the table of contents of your texts carefully. If the textbooks have chapter summaries, read them first! If you don't understand the material from the summaries, go back and highlight. Take notes on what you have highlighted and review your notes. Tip: Break study material into short segments of length dependent on its difficulty. Remember, concise notes are more powerful than copious notes. Think about the material! Then take notes on what you don't know or are not sure of.
Test Taking
Tip: For essay examinations, try the "memory dump" technique. If permitted, write down everything you've memorized - facts, names, dates, ideas, events, and so on BEFORE you do anything else. Sometimes reading through the essay questions can distract you from what you've studied. The "memory dump" technique requires that you write down everything possible BEFORE you begin writing essay answers. This way, you are less likely to forget something important.
A Final Word
The study skills presented here depend on one thing, and that is your willingness to WANT to improve and do well in school. If you really don't want to make the effort and sacrifice, no amount of suggestions, ideas, or outlines can help much. You are the one who is responsible for your education, and effective study skills can help you. To that end, one last word of advice -- work smart, not hard.
MALAYSIA..
Malaysia is a country that consists of thirteen states and three federal territories in Southeast Asia with a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,355 sq mi). The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population stands at over 25 million. The country is separated into two regions—Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo—by the South China Sea. Malaysia borders Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and the Philippines. The country is located near the equator and experiences a tropical climate. Malaysia's head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (conventionally referred to as 'the King' or 'the Agong') and the government is headed by a Prime Minister. The government is closely modeled after the Westminster parliamentary system.
Malaysia as a unified state did not exist until 1963. Previously, a set of colonies were established by the United Kingdom from the late-18th century, and the western half of modern Malaysia was composed of several separate kingdoms. This group of colonies was known as British Malaya until its dissolution in 1946, when it was reorganised as the Malayan Union. Due to widespread opposition, it was reorganised again as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and later gained independence on 31 August 1957. Singapore, Sarawak, British North Borneo and the Federation of Malaya joined to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963. The early years of the new union were marred by an armed conflict with Indonesia and the expulsion of Singapore. The Southeast Asian nation experienced an economic boom and underwent rapid development during the late-20th century. With a GDP per capita standing at USD14,400, it has, from time to time, been considered a newly industrialised country. Because Malaysia is one of three countries that control the Strait of Malacca, international trade plays a large role in its economy. At one time, it was the largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil in the world. Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy.
The Malays form the majority of the population. Some Malays are of Arab[citation needed] descent and there are sizable Chinese and Indian communities. Islam is the largest as well as the official religion of the federation. The Malay language is the official language. The Malay language was originally written in Pallava from India, the earliest known inscriptions in Malay were found in southern Sumatra and on the island of Bangka and date from 683-6 AD. They were written in an Indian script during the time of the kingdom of Srivijaya, but nowadays, the Roman alphabet (Rumi) is more often used.
Malaysia is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and participates in many international organisations such as the United Nations. As a former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It is also a member of the Developing 8 Countries.
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ABOUT FOOD???
World Food Day (WFD) was established by FAO's Member Countries at the Organization's 20th General Conference in November 1979. The Hungarian Delegation, lead by the former Hungarian Minister of Agriculture and Food, Dr. Pál Romány has played an active role at the 20th Session of the FAO Conference and suggested the idea of celebrating the WFD worldwide. It has since been observed every year in more than 150 countries, raising awareness of the issues behind poverty and hunger.
Themes
Since 1981, World Food Day has adopted a different theme each year, in order to highlight areas needed for action and provide a common focus. The theme for 2006 is "Invest in agriculture for food security". It was chosen because only investment in agriculture – together with support for education and health – will turn this situation around. The bulk of that investment will have to come from the private sector, with public investment playing a crucial role, especially in view of its facilitating and stimulating effect on private investment. In spite of the importance of agriculture as the driving force in the economies of many developing countries, this vital sector is frequently starved of investment. In particular, foreign aid to agriculture has shown marked declines over the past 20 years.
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WHAT IS THAT???
The Common snake-neck turtle (Chelodina longicollis), also known as the Eastern long-neck turtle, Eastern snake-neck turtle, or Common long-neck turtle has as its most distinctive feature its extremely long neck. In some cases, this turtle's neck can be as long as its carapace. It is a type of side-necked turtle, meaning that it bends its head sideways into its shell rather than pulling it directly back.
The common snakeback turtle also has powerful webbed feet for swimming, digging, and tearing apart prey. Its carapace (shell) is flattened, broad, and brown with black-edged scutes. On the underside plates (plastron) there are distinctive black lines or seams.
These turtles are found in the inland slow-moving freshwater habitats such as swamps, dams, and lakes of eastern Australia, from northern Queensland to Victoria. They prefer a soft, sandy bottom and will bask on logs or rocks during the day.
When it feels threatened, this turtle will emit an offensive smelling fluid from its musk glands. This trait gives the turtle one of its other common names, "stinker."
The common snake-neck turtle is carnivorous, eating a variety of animals. This includes insects, worms, tadpoles, frogs, small fish, crustaceans, and molluscs.
In early summer, the female will lay between 2 and 10 eggs in the banks of her aquatic habitat. Three to five months later the hatchlings break out of their shells. These young turtles often fall prey to predators such as fish and birds. Females will lay 1 to 3 clutches of eggs per year.
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WHAT??
Pink Floyd were an English rock band from Cambridge. The band initially earned recognition for their psychedelic and space rock music, and--as they evolved--for their progressive rock music. Pink Floyd were known for philosophical lyrics, sonic experimentation, innovative album cover art, and elaborate live shows. One of rock music's most successful acts, the group have sold over 200 million albums worldwide including 74.5 million albums in the United States alone. Pink Floyd influenced progressive rock artists of the 1970s such as Genesis and Yes; and contemporary artists such as Nine Inch Nails and Dream Theater.
Pink Floyd had moderate mainstream success and were one of the most popular bands in the London underground music scene in the late 1960s as a psychedelic band led by Syd Barrett; however, Barrett's erratic behaviour eventually forced his colleagues to replace him with guitarist and singer David Gilmour. After Barrett's departure, singer and bass player Roger Waters gradually became the dominant and driving force in the group by the late-1970s, until his eventual departure from the group in 1985. The band recorded several albums, achieving worldwide success with The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977), and The Wall (1979).
In 1985, Waters declared Pink Floyd "a spent force", but the remaining members, led by Gilmour, continued recording and touring under the name Pink Floyd. Waters sued them for the name and eventually they reached a settlement out of court, under which Gilmour, Mason and Wright would continue as Pink Floyd. They again enjoyed worldwide success with A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987) and The Division Bell (1994). Waters performed with the band for the first time in 24 years on 2 July 2005 at the London Live 8 concert. This concert was one of the most amazing in the whole world. If you missed out on seeing it, then you missed out on one of the single most amazing events ever.
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OPERA??
Opera is an art in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work (called an opera) which combines a text (libretto) and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble.
Sydney Opera House, Australia. Built in 1973, and now an icon of modern architecture.
Sydney Opera House, Australia. Built in 1973, and now an icon of modern architecture.
Opera started in Italy at the end of the 16th century (Jacopo Peri's lost Dafne, produced in Florence about 1597) and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Schütz in Germany, Lully in France, and Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. However, in the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, except France, attracting foreign composers such as Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his "reform" operas in the 1760s. . . .
The orchestral score of Porgy and Bess
The orchestral score of Porgy and Bess
Porgy and Bess is an opera, first performed in 1935, with music by George Gershwin, libretto by DuBose Heyward, and lyrics by Ira Gershwin and DuBose Heyward. It was based on DuBose Heyward's novel Porgy and the play of the same name that he co-wrote with his wife Dorothy Heyward. All three works deal with African American life in the fictitious Catfish Row (based on the real-life Cabbage Row) in Charleston, South Carolina, in the early 1920s.
Originally conceived by Gershwin as an "American folk opera," Porgy and Bess premiered in New York in the fall of 1935 and featured an entire cast of classically trained African-American singers—a daring and visionary artistic choice at the time. Incorporating a wealth of blues and jazz idioms into the classical art form of opera, Gershwin considered it his finest work, but it was not widely accepted in the United States as a legitimate opera until 1976 when the Houston Grand Opera production of his complete score (followed nine years later by its Metropolitan Opera premiere) established it as an artistic triumph.
The work is now considered part of the standard operatic repertoire and is regularly performed internationally. Despite this success, the opera has been controversial; some, from the outset, have considered it racist.
Archive •
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SUPERMAN..
Superman is a fictional comic book superhero widely considered to be one of the most recognized of such characters and an American cultural icon. Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born artist Joe Shuster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland, Ohio, and sold to Detective Comics, Inc. in 1938, the character first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 30, 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, television programs, films, newspaper strips, and video games. With the success of his adventures, Superman helped to create the superhero genre and establish its primacy within the American comic book. The character's appearance is distinctive and iconic: a red, blue and yellow costume, complete with cape, like a circus costume, with a stylized "S" shield on his chest. This shield is now typically used across media to symbolize the character.
The origin story of Superman relates that he was born Kal-El on the planet Krypton, before being rocketed to Earth as an infant by his scientist father Jor-El, moments before Krypton's destruction. Discovered and adopted by a Kansas farmer and his wife, the child is raised as Clark Kent and imbued with a strong moral compass. Very early he started to display superhuman abilities, which upon reaching maturity he resolved to use for the benefit of humanity.
While referred to less than flatteringly as "the big blue Boy Scout" by some of his fellow superheroes, Superman is hailed as "The Man of Steel," "The Man of Tomorrow," and "The Last Son of Krypton" by the general public within the comics. As Clark Kent, Superman lives among humans as a "mild-mannered reporter" for the Metropolis newspaper Daily Planet (Daily Star in the earliest stories). There he works alongside reporter Lois Lane, with whom he is romantically linked. This relationship has been consummated by marriage on numerous occasions across various media, and the union is now firmly established within the mainstream comics continuity.
The character's supporting cast, powers, and trappings have slowly expanded throughout the years. Superman's backstory was altered to allow for adventures as Superboy, and other survivors of Krypton were created, including Supergirl and Krypto the Superdog. In addition, Superman has been licensed and adapted into a variety of media, from radio to television and film. The motion picture Superman Returns was released in 2006, with a performance at the international box office which exceeded expectations. In the seven decades since Superman's debut, the character has been revamped and updated several times.
A significant overhaul occurred in 1986, when John Byrne revamped and retconned the character, reducing Superman's powers and erasing several characters from the canon, in a move that attracted media attention. Press coverage was again garnered in the 1990s with The Death of Superman, a storyline which saw the character killed and later restored to life.
Superman has fascinated scholars, with cultural theorists, commentators, and critics alike exploring the character's impact and role in the United States and the rest of the world. Umberto Eco discussed the mythic qualities of the character in the early 1960s, and Larry Niven has pondered the implications of a sexual relationship the character might enjoy with Lois Lane. The character's ownership has often been the subject of dispute, with Siegel and Shuster twice suing for the return of legal ownership. The copyright is again currently in dispute, with changes in copyright law allowing Siegel's wife and daughter to claim a share of the copyright, a move DC parent company Warner Bros. disputes.
_LEYA_
ME08069
WHAT IS WAR??
War is an international relations dispute, characterized by organized violence between national military units. In his seminal work, On War, Carl Von Clausewitz calls war the “continuation of political intercourse, carried on with other means.” War is an interaction in which two or more militaries have a “struggle of wills”.When qualified as a civil war, it is a dispute inherent to a given society, and its nature is in the conflict over state governance rather than sovereignty. War is not murder or genocide because of the usually organized nature of the military's participation in the struggle, and the organized nature of units involved.
War is also a cultural entity, and its practice is not linked to any single type of political organisation or society. Rather, as discussed by John Keegan in his “History Of Warfare”, war is a universal phenomenon whose form and scope is defined by the society that wages it. The conduct of war extends along a continuum, from the almost universal tribal warfare that began well before recorded human history, to wars between city states, nations, or empires.
A group of combatants and their support is called an army on land, a navy at sea, and air force in the air. Wars may be prosecuted simultaneously in one or more different theatres. Within each theatre, there may be one or more consecutive military campaigns. A military campaign includes not only fighting but also intelligence, troop movements, supplies, propaganda, and other components. Continuous conflict is traditionally called a battle, although this terminology is not always fed to conflicts involving aircraft, missiles or bombs alone, in the absence of ground troops or naval forces. A civil war is the use of force to resolve internal differences.
War is not limited to the human species; the ant and the chimpanzee, and perhaps other animals, engage in massive intra-species conflicts which might be termed warfare.
_LEYA_
ME08069
WHO IS HE??
Christian Abbiati (born July 8, 1977 in Abbiategrasso, Milan) is an Italian football goalkeeper who plays for Italian Serie A club A.C. Milan.
Club career
Having began his footballing career at the age of 13, for Trezzano and Assago, he moved to Corsico and in 1996 secured a move to Monza. He transferred to A.C. Milan in summer 1998. His debut in Serie A for came on January 17, 1999 as a 92nd-minute substitute for Sebastiano Rossi. Since then, he became Milan's first choice goalkeeper for four years, until he lost his starting spot to backup Dida early in the 2002-2003 season after picking up an injury during a Champions League qualifying match in August 2002. Dida's top form effectively ground Abbiati's playing time to a halt.
On August 25, 2004, a brief controversy surfaced when an editorial criticizing Dida and Milan coach Carlo Ancelotti appeared on Abbiati's official website, stating that Dida had made mistakes in a friendly against U.C. Sampdoria and that Ancelotti was blocking a move that would have sent Abbiati to Palermo. Abbiati strongly denied that he'd written the piece and said that it had been posted by his webmaster. "I never speak to the person who looks after my site. I would never judge one of my teammates." Though his webmaster claimed responsibility for the article, speculation nonetheless arose that it had been actually penned by Abbiati due to his frustration of warming the bench.
Abbiati literally played all of thirty seconds in Milan's 2004-05 Champions League campaign, when he came on as a substitute in the 74th minute after Dida had been struck by a flare thrown from the crowd during the quarterfinal second leg against Inter Milan, which was ultimately suspended less than a minute later. His last match in a Milan uniform came on May 20, 2005 in a 3-3 home draw with Palermo, a match that saw the starters rested for the upcoming CL final.
He later announced his desire to move to another club in order to contend for the #1 spot and was therefore loaned to Genoa for the 2005-06 season, but he immediately returned to Milan after Genoa were relegated to Serie C1 due to a match-fixing scandal. He was soon on the move again, as he was shipped to Juventus as a temporary replacement for incumbent Gianluigi Buffon, who had suffered a dislocated shoulder during the Luigi Berlusconi Trophy match against Milan in August 2005. With long-awaited regular playing time at his disposal, he flourished with the Bianconeri, but when Buffon returned to the starting lineup six months later, Abbiati's services were no longer needed, and he left at the end of the season for another Turin squad when Milan loaned him to Torino F.C. in July 2006.
Despite expressing his desire to stay for another season, he and Torino ultimately parted ways due to a salary dispute. He was once again loaned out by Milan for the third time in three seasons, this time to Spanish club Atlético Madrid until June 2008. He began the season on the bench until an injury to incumbent Leo Franco put him in the starting lineup. On December 29, he expressed interest in staying with Atlético beyond the '07-08 season. "My adaptation has gone better than I expected. I am happy at this club because they have helped me so much. I like playing in Spain and I think I will learn a lot during the time that I have left here." He left after being called back by Milan for the 2008-09 season.
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ME08069
PLASTICS..
Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products. Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular weight, and may contain other substances to improve performance or reduce costs.
The word derives from the Greek πλαστικός (plastikos), "fit for molding", from πλαστός (plastos) "molded" . It refers to their malleability, or plasticity during manufacture, that allows them to be cast, pressed, or extruded into an enormous variety of shapes—such as films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, and much more. The word is also commonly used an adjective with the sense of "made of plastic" (e.g. "plastic cup", "plastic tubing").
The common word "plastic" should not be confused with the technical adjective "plastic", which is applied to any material which undergoes a permanent change of shape (a "plastic deformation") when strained beyond a certain point. Aluminum, for instance, is "plastic" in this sense, but not "a plastic" in the common sense; while some plastics, in their finished forms, will break before deforming—and therefore are not "plastic" in the technical sense.
Overview
Plastics can be classified by their chemical structure, namely the molecular units that make up the polymer's backbone and side chains. Some important groups in these classifications are the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics. Plastics can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, e.g. as condensation, polyaddition, cross-linking, etc.
Other classifications are based on qualities that are relevant for manufacturing or product design. Examples of such classes are the thermoplastic and thermoset, elastomer, structural, biodegradable, electrically conductive, etc. Plastics can also be ranked by various physical properties, such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, resistance to various chemical products, etc.
Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships. They have already displaced many traditional materials—such as wood, stone, horn and bone, leather, paper, metal, glass and ceramic—in most of their former uses.
The use of plastics is constrained chiefly by their organic chemistry, which seriously limits their hardness, density, and their ability to resist heat, organic solvents, oxidation, and ionizing radiation. In particular, most plastics will melt or decompose when heated to a few hundred celsius. While plastics can be made electrically conductive to some extent, they are still no match for metals like copper or aluminum. Plastics are still too expensive to replace wood, concrete and ceramic in bulky items like ordinary buildings, bridges, dams, pavement, railroad ties, etc.
_LEYA_
ME08069
Assalamualaikum n good day,today i would like to share a joke story about three wishes,the story begin with a little old lady was in the kitchen one day, washing the dishes when suddenly a little genie appeared beside her.
"You've led a long and good life" the genie said, "I have come to reward you by granting you three wishes. Ask for anything you want and I will make it happen."
The old lady was surprised but cynical. Not really believing that anything would happen she decided to play along for a minute. "Ok" she said, "turn all those dirty dishes into money." With that there was a big Poof! and the dishes had turned into a big pile of cash.
"My" said the old lady, staggered that it had actually worked, "Perhaps you could make me look young and beautiful again?" There was another big poof and the woman now looked lots younger and was very good looking. Excitedly she carried on, "Can you turn my dear old cat into a handsome young man?"
Once more there was a big Poof, and the cat was replaced by a handsome young man. Smiling devilishly she turned to the young man and said "At last! Now I want to make love with you for the rest of the day and all night too!"
The young man just looked at her for moment then replied in a high pitched voice, "Well you should have thought about that before you took me to the vet's shouldn't you!"...this is my story that i was read on internet a few days ago.
Sudoku
Sudoku listen is a logic-based number-placement puzzle. The objective is to fill a 9×9 grid so that each column, each row, and each of the nine 3×3 boxes (also called blocks or regions) contains the digits from 1 to 9 only one time each. The puzzle setter provides a partially completed grid.
Completed Sudoku puzzles are usually a type of Latin square with an additional constraint on the contents of individual regions. Leonhard Euler is sometimes incorrectly cited as the source of the puzzle, based on his related work with Latin squares.
The modern puzzle was invented by an American architect, Howard Garns, in 1979 and published by Dell Magazines under the name "Number Place". It became popular in Japan in 1986, after it was published by Nikoli and given the name Sudoku, meaning single number.It became an international hit in 2005.
The name Sudoku or "Sūji wa dokushin ni kagiru", meaning "the numbers must be single", or "the numbers must occur only once".The name is a trademark of puzzle publisher Nikoli Co. Ltd. in Japan. Other Japanese publishers refer to the puzzle as Number Place, the original U.S. title, or as "Nanpure" for short. Some publishers spell the title as "Su Doku".
The numerals in Sudoku puzzles are used for convenience; arithmetic relationships between numerals are irrelevant. Any set of distinct symbols will do, such as letters, shapes, or colours. In fact, ESPN published Sudoku puzzles substituting the positions on a baseball field for the numbers 1 through 9, while Viz magazine has published a Doctor Who version of the game, using images of the television series' first nine leading actors in place of the numerals. Dell Magazines, the puzzle's originator, has been using numerals for Number Place in its magazines since they first published it in 1979.
Puppy Love
Puppy love is an informal term for feelings of love, particularly between young people during adolescence, so-called for its resemblance to the adoring, worshipful affection that may be felt by a puppy. The term is often used in a derogatory fashion, describing emotions which are shallow and transient in comparison to other forms of love such as romantic love.
Another use of the term (also commonly described as a "crush"), can be used to describe the love or lust of a child or adolescent for an adult. For example, a student being attracted to his or her teacher could be considered puppy love. The term may meet with resistance from some people as patronizing and belittling of genuine emotion.
During Elizabethan times, it was known as calf love. A prominent example can be found in William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, in which a young man, Romeo Montague, is infatuated with a girl named Rosaline before finding true love with Juliet Capulet. In the second act, Romeo is chastised by his friend Friar Laurence, who claims his new love for Juliet illuminates the shallow nature of his feelings toward Rosaline.
BLIND DATE
A blind date is a date where the people involved have not met each other previously. The match could have been arranged by mutual friends or by a dating system.
Blind dates are becoming more commonplace following the rise of the Internet, when people who have met in chatrooms, Instant Messaging or forums finally agree to meet in person. Afterwards, they go to a place where they can have time to talk and get to know one another. This type of date may not be considered 'blind' by everyone however, since the people have already communicated with each other.
Dating coaches advise people meeting on a blind date to avoid a restaurant for the first meeting. They encourage a location such as a botanical garden, art gallery, park, promenade or an open-air concert which is any location that gives the couple the opportunity to talk, move around and provides something interesting to refer to during awkward silences.
Another recommendation is to engage in "airplane talk" casual conversation about each other's backgrounds, hobbies, interests and careers (don't dwell on any one subject for too long), and other topics that tell something about each other , but don't reveal information that should be reserved for someone you know well.
Some conversation starters - conversation that will help each one learn a little bit about each other's values and way of thinking, and will also form the basis for more conversation on the second date: Who do you most admire? How did they inspire you? What has been the most satisfying achievement of your life? Is there something you've always dreamt about doing? What is your most treasured possession, and why?
STAGE FRIGHT
Stage fright or performance anxiety refers to an anxiety, fear or persistent phobia related to performance in front of an audience or camera. In the context of public speaking, this is known as glossophobia, one of the most common phobias. This form of anxiety can precede or accompany participation in any activity involving public self-presentation.
Often the term "stage fright" or topophobia is conflated with glossophobia, a fear of speaking in public. Jugglers and mimes are the simplest examples of the difference in notions.
Performance anxiety is also observed in athletes and musicians. In the latter case it is interpreted as a fear to underperform (in view of the actual public or implied publicity).
Quite often stage fright arises in a mere anticipation of a performance, often long time ahead. It has numerous manifestations: fluttering or pounding heart, tremor in hands and legs, diarrhea, facial nerve tics, dry mouth.
Stage fright may be observed in people of all experience and background, from beginners to professionals. Some musicians use beta blockers to avoid stage fright during auditions, and performances.In other cases, performers use alcoholic beverages to ease their stage fright. There have been many cases in which this habit has led to alcoholism.
SINGLE PARENT
A single parent (also lone parent and sole parent) is a parent who cares for one or more children without the assistance of another parent in the home. The legal definition of "single parenthood" may vary according to the local laws of different nations or regions.
Single parenthood may occur for a variety of reasons. It could be opted for by the parent (as in divorce, adoption, artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood, or extramarital pregnancy), or be the result of an unforeseeable occurrence (such as death or abandonment by one parent).
The living and parenting arrangements of single parents are diverse. A number live in households with family or other adults. When parents separate, one party usually parents for the majority of the time but most continue to share parenting to some extent with the other parent.
Single parenthood is a stage of life rather than a lifelong family form. Many re-partner and form a stepfamily.
Most single parents are female. In the past few years there are more men heading single parent families. 2 million households in the US are headed by unmarried fathers.
In 2003, 14% of all Australian households were single-parent families. Since 2001, 31% of babies born in Australia were born to unmarried mothers. (Many of these mothers may not be single parents, as they may simply live with their supportive partners without getting formally married.)
In the United Kingdom, there are 1.9 million single parents as of 2005, with 3.1 million children. About 1 out of 4 families with dependent children are single-parent families. According to a survey done by the United Kingdom, 9% of single parents in the UK are fathers, UK poverty figures show that 47% of single parent families are below the Government-defined poverty line (after housing costs).
ARRANGED MARRIAGE
Arranged marriage (also called prearranged marriage) is a marriage arranged by someone other than the persons getting married, curtailing or avoiding the process of courtship. Such marriages are common in the Middle East,[citation needed] and South Asia.[citation needed] Other groups that practice this custom include the Unification Movement, and royal families.
The match could be selected by parents, a matchmaking agent, matrimonial site, or a trusted third party. In many communities, priests or religious leaders as well as relatives or family friends play a major role in matchmaking.
The pattern of arranged marriage can be employed for other reasons besides the formation of a promising new family unit. In such marriages, typically economic or legal reasons take precedence over the goal of selecting a well-matched couple. Though critics are not always specific, criticism of arranged marriage usually targets abuses such as forced marriage and child marriage.
*In a "forced marriage" the parents choose their son's or daughter's future spouse with no input from their son or daughter. This form of arranged marriage is rare in the modern Western world, but not quite as rare in some other parts of the world. Occasionally, even if the son or daughter disapproves of the choice, the marriage takes place regardless, overriding their objections. In some societies, in order to ensure cooperation the parents may threaten the child with punishment, or in rare cases, disinheritance and death. Motivating factors for such a marriage tend to be social or economic. For example the interests of the family or community goals served by the marriage are seen as paramount, and the preference of the individual is considered insignificant.
*In a "child marriage" children, or even infants, are married. The married children often live apart with their respective families until well after puberty. Child marriages are typically made for economic or political reasons. In rural India and several other countries, the requirement of providing a dowry for daughters is generally acknowledged to be a contributing factor to female infanticide.
*In a "shotgun wedding" the groom is forced to marry the bride due to unplanned pregnancy (or other reasons). It is given this colloquial name from the traditional method of force used: holding a shotgun to the groom's head until he is married. This can also be classified as a forced marriage. Although it is worth noting that the concept came about before the invention of the shotgun. Laws of Old Testament Israel said that if an unmarried couple engages in extramarital sex the female can force the man to marry her or pay a fine. A reason is never given in the text, but it is likely predicated on the text's specification that the woman was a virgin; no longer being a virgin, it would be difficult for her to find a marriage, and so her sexual partner must marry her to provide for her well-being. Alternatively, it could be based on family honor, as it was shameful for her to have had relations without being married, and it would be all the more shameful if she had a child out of wedlock.
Coercion to marry is commonly considered a violation of fundamental human rights in most Western societies, primarily because of its usurpation of a choice that, in most Western thought, belongs solely to the individuals involved. People can "find themselves stuck in marriages with persons decidedly not of their own choosing whom they may find personally repulsive."
A further condemnation of the practice of arranging marriage for economic reasons comes from Edlund and Lagerlöf (2004) who argued that a love marriage is more effective for the promotion of accumulation of wealth and societal growth.
MOVIE THAT I LIKE MOST-"KAMI THE MOVIE"
Teenage movie “KAMI” follows a group of five friends as they squeeze in as much fun and reckless abandonment on their road to self-discovery before entering a new stage in their lives – higher education.
Lynn is a form five student who juggles her studies while helping her mother at their food stall and hangs out with Ali,Abu, Sofie, and Adii. Although they have made her part of their circle, Lynn is holding back a dark past from her buddies. Unknown to them Lynn and her mother had moved from their small town home to start afresh in the city away from a persistent small-time drug dealer, Boy, whom Lynn used to run errands for to gain extra pocket money.
To complicate matters, Lynn writes under the pseudonym Teka Teki for her own, well known fanzine called KAMI and has recently contributed a scathing write-up on Ali’s band in a local music magazine.
As she struggles to keep her secrets under wraps, Lynn soon learns that they are all hiding something from each other.
The story kicks off with Abu’s escape from a juvie home and his reunion with Ali to celebrate the girls’ final paper and the last day of SPM exams marking the end of high school and the beginning of their journey to taking their first steps in making life altering decisions.
But soon their freewheeling post-SPM break is interrupted when Lynn ’s old life catches up with her new life and the two worlds collide, setting off a chain of events that will force all of them to face their personal demons, changing their lives forever.
A Very Special Meal
by-Mirabai Chrin
Once there was a very poor and devoted woman who always prayed to the Glory of God, asking very little, if anything for herself. But one thought, one desire continued to recur and finally she asked: petitioning the Lord, that if it were possible she would love to prepare a special meal and have God share at her table. And God, in His Love for this goodly woman, said He would indeed come the next day and share a meal.
Filled with ecstasy, the woman went out the following morning with her meager purse and purchased such delicacies that she felt would please the Lord.
Returning home, she prepared a banquet and waited patiently for her most honored guest. Soon there was a knock on the door, and when she opened it, there stood an old beggar asking for something to eat. Being a woman of God, she could not turn the beggar away, so she invited him in to partake of her table. The beggar felt as if he was in a dream - such a feast set before him. He finished all the food, thanked his hostess and left.
The woman was only slightly disheartened, she gathered up her purse, her coat, and hurried back to town to get more food for her special guest. Her funds were less now and so the food was not quite so elaborate. Nonetheless, she lovingly prepared another meal and sat to await the arrival of the Almighty.
A few hours went by and there was a loud knock on the door. This time it was an old gypsy woman with no teeth, who was deaf, who spoke quite loudly and was, rather rudely, insisting that any true believer in the Lord would not deny her something to eat.
Though the woman had no more money with which to buy more supplies, she invited the woman in and offered her a seat at the table. The gypsy ate everything, did not even thank the woman and left without closing the door.
By now it was beginning to get dark both inside and out. The woman's faith was strong, so that, though somewhat distraught, she did not give up, but rather, looked around her humble house to see if there was anything she could sell in order to buy more food to set before the Lord.
She hurried to town with a little silver cup that had been in her family for several generations, but she was willing to part with it for the great honor that God was going to bestow on her - the sharing of a meal.
Late in the night she rushed home to prepare yet a third meal. She waited and waited until, once more, there was a knock on the door. Holding her breath, she slowly opened the door to find yet another poor man in the guise of a wandering monk, in search of a meal.
Again, she offered hospitality, with as much grace as she could muster in her disappointment. This man also ate all that was set on the table and left after blessing the woman for her kindness. So discouraged and dismayed was she that all she could do was nod slightly, in acknowledgment of the thanks.
Now it was too late, with no way to buy any more food and no more money with which to buy it. She got down on her knees, weeping such heart-broken tears. She asked God what she had done wrong. Why had God not come to share at the table as He had promised?
And God, in all His Divine Compassion and Mercy, lifted the woman off her knees, and holding her close to His Heart, said, "My child, I enjoyed your hospitality so much that I came three times!"
You Are My Life
by-Viraj Bhandare
There was a boy in India who was sent by his parents to a boarding school. Before being sent away this boy was the brightest student in his class. He was at the top in every competition. He was a champion.
But the boy changed after leaving home and attending the boarding school. His grades started dropping. He hated being in a group. He was lonely all the time. And there were especially dark times when he felt like committing suicide. All of this because he felt worthless and that no one loved him.
His parents started worrying about the boy. But even they did not know what was wrong with him. So his dad decided to travel to the boarding school and talk with him.
They sat on the bank of the lake near the school. The father started asking him casual questions about his classes, teachers and sports. After some time his dad said, 'Do you know son, why I am here today?"
The boy answered back, "to check my grades?"
"No, no" his dad replied, "I am here to tell you that you are the most important person for me. I want to see you happy. I don't care about grades. I care about you. I care about your happiness. YOU ARE MY LIFE."
These words caused the boy's eyes to fill with tears. He hugged his dad. They didn't say anything to each other for a long time.
Now the boy had everything he wanted. He knew there was someone on this earth who cared for him deeply. He meant the world to someone. And today this young man is in college at the top of his class and no one has ever seen him sad!
YOU ARE MY LIFE!
Stone Soup
Many years ago three soldiers, hungry and weary of battle, came upon a small village. The villagers, suffering a meager harvest and the many years of war, quickly hid what little they had to eat and met the three at the village square, wringing their hands and bemoaning the lack of anything to eat.
The soldiers spoke quietly among themselves and the first soldier then turned to the village elders. "Your tired fields have left you nothing to share, so we will share what little we have: the secret of how to make soup from stones."
Naturally the villagers were intrigued and soon a fire was put to the town's greatest kettle as the soldiers dropped in three smooth stones. "Now this will be a fine soup", said the second soldier; "but a pinch of salt and some parsley would make it wonderful!" Up jumped a villager, crying "What luck! I've just remembered where some's been left!" And off she ran, returning with an apronful of parsley and a turnip. As the kettle boiled on, the memory of the village improved: soon barley, carrots, beef and cream had found their way into the great pot, and a cask of wine was rolled into the square as all sat down to feast.
They ate and danced and sang well into the night, refreshed by the feast and their new-found friends. In the morning the three soldiers awoke to find the entire village standing before them. At their feet lay a satchel of the village's best breads and cheese. "You have given us the greatest of gifts: the secret of how to make soup from stones", said an elder, "and we shall never forget." The third soldier turned to the crowd, and said: "There is no secret, but this is certain: it is only by sharing that we may make a feast". And off the soldiers wandered, down the road.
notes-"The miracle is this - the more we share, the more we have."
Father & Son
A Real-Life Love Story
Every once in awhile someone sends us a
story that's so beautiful we are forever changed
by it. This is one of those stories.
It started in Winchester, Massachusetts,
43 years ago, when Rick Hoyt was born.
Somehow his umbilical cord became wrapped around his neck, leaving him brain-damaged and unable to control his limbs.
The doctors told Rick's parents that he would be a vegetable for the rest of his life. But Dick Hoyt, Rick's father, didn't believe it. He noticed the way Rick's eyes followed him around the room.
When Rick was 11 they took him to the engineering department at Tufts University and asked if there was anything to help the boy communicate. "No way,'' Dick says he was told. "There's nothing going on in his brain.''
"Tell him a joke,'' Dick countered. They did. Rick laughed.
Turns out a lot was going on in his brain. Rigged up with a computer that allowed him to control the cursor by touching a switch with the side of his head, Rick was finally able to communicate. First words? "Go Bruins!''
And after a high school classmate was paralyzed in an accident and the school organized a charity run for him, Rick pecked out, "Dad, I want to do that.''
Yeah, right. How was Dick, a self-described "porker'' who never ran more than a mile at a time, going to push his son five miles? Still, he tried. "Then it was me who was handicapped,'' Dick says. "I was sore for two weeks.''
That day changed Rick's life. "Dad,'' he typed, "when we were
running, it felt like I wasn't disabled anymore!''
And that sentence changed Dick's life. He became obsessed with giving Rick that feeling as often as he could. He got into such hard-belly shape that he and Rick were ready to try the 1979 Boston Marathon.
"No way,'' Dick was told by a race official. The Hoyt's weren't quite a single runner, and they weren't quite a wheelchair competitor. So, for the first few years, Dick and Rick just joined the massive field and ran anyway.
Later, they would find a way to get into the race officially: In 1983 they ran another marathon so fast they made the qualifying time for Boston the following year.
Then somebody said, "Hey, Dick, why not a triathlon?''
How's a guy who never learned to swim and hadn't ridden a bike since he was six going to haul his 110-pound kid through a triathlon?
Still, Dick tried.
Now they've done 212 triathlons, including four grueling 15-hour Ironman Competitions in Hawaii.
This year, at ages 65 and 43, Dick and Rick finished their 24th Boston Marathon, in 5,083rd place out of more than 20,000 starters. Their best time? Two hours, 40 minutes in 1992 - only 35 minutes off the world record, which, in case you don't keep track of these things, happens to be held by a guy who was not pushing another man in a wheelchair at the time.
What Makes Men Fall in Love?
Judging from the kind of mail we get at Men's Health from men seeking relationship advice, I can tell you this definitively about men: When a man falls for a woman, he falls hard. Men love to be in love. While men often get stereotyped as single-minded sex-seekers, the truth is that a man's stomach churns like a slushy machine when he's in those initial stages of the perfect relationship.
When you consider that half of men say that they're currently not with their soul mates, that means a heck of a lot of slushy machines are waiting to be turned on. What are they waiting for? What makes a man fall in love? After you rule out the obvious intangible laws of chemistry, attraction, and being in the right place at the right time that kick-start many a relationship, I think the question really becomes this: What makes a man fall -- and stay -- in love? About 60 percent of men deem friendship the most important thing in a relationship (sex comes in at a skimpy 8 percent, according to a national Harris Interactive poll), but let's delve a little deeper. What exactly does that mean, and what kind of woman does a man really want? With full acknowledgement that men's tastes in women are as unpredictable as the plotline of "24," these are some of things that many men value in "the one."
A Woman with a Passion in Something Other Than Him
Yes, it's nice to be doted over. Yes, it's nice to be pampered. Yes, it's nice to be with a woman who showers you with compliments, neck kisses, and all of her attention. But there's a virtual Great Wall of China between a fleeting, flirtatious glance and the kind of attraction that can last a lifetime. Many men say they like a woman who's immersed in something else other than the relationship -- be it her work, or her sport, or whatever her "thing" is. Why? The passion she shows for something else confirms her inherent goodness, her personal drive, her independence. All pluses in the woman we're hoping to spend a few decades with.
A Woman with No Problem with Guy Time
Every relationship has to choreograph the time-together dance. Once a couple elevates from casual to serious, it goes through that period when most waking and sleeping minutes are spent together. But at some point in the dance, one person will call a time out from the music of coupledom, and try to spend more time with his or her friends -- while still being careful not to step on any feet in the process. Even when they're with the most perfect woman, men still crave the occasional space to spend golfing or drinking or doing whatever (64 percent of men are happy to have the time to themselves when their wives or girlfriends have plans). Men love, appreciate, and are thankful for women who respect and endorse (and not complain about) his need to have a few testosterone mixers. Don't worry, March Madness will be over in just a few weeks!
A Woman with a Strut
Her strut in the bar may have been part of his initial attraction. The strut from the bedroom to the bathroom after the first night together may have been pure visual ecstasy. But the strut that happens day in and day out is one of the major attractors for a man. What do I mean by the strut? It's that attitude, that sassiness, that confidence, that charisma, that charm that shows she can be a little bold and little daring. In a recent post I talked about the line between a woman being confident and a woman being so aggressive that she turns men away, but the truth is that in certain aspects of relationships, men want women who have the strut. Men want to be with women who challenge them, who push them, and who take the lead some of the times. And that's as true in the bedroom as it is in planning their next weekend getaway. The danger? While it can be insanely attractive, that strut of confidence can also swing a man 180 degrees -- if she uses it in other places, like to flirt with other guys, to become a relationship dictator, or to pick a fight with his mom in front of the whole family. He'll point that kind of strut right out the door.
A Woman with a Good Taste in Ties
Okay, so we don't really care about the ties per se. But what we care about is a woman's ability to give us a little-and this is a key word-gentle guidance. I know Freudian followers will say that it's a man's need to be mothered, but it's more than that. Every relationship is a give and take, and guys will definitely take women who can warn us when our new soul patch looks stupid, who can guide us to the perfect suit and shirt combo for an upcoming job interview, who can help them make decisions without being harsh or judgmental. Guys like to project that they know what they're doing and that they don't need any help. Women who can help steer us, without aggressively grabbing the wheel, are the most treasured copilots.
Have your own ideas about what makes us fall -- and fall hard? Share them here.
How do you know if you are dating a cheater? You don't need to be a private eye to suss out these warning signs:
1. Revived Interest in Appearance: If your partner suddenly undergoes a makeover of sorts, in which he spends much more time on his appearance, it could mean that he is trying to impress someone new. If he all of the sudden ditches his old khakis and sweats for something more stylish, it might be because he is trying to look his best for a new woman.
2. Missing in Action: If there are large periods in which your partner is absent and unaccounted for, it could be because there are mischievous motives behind his AWOL behavior. Whether it is a run to the corner store that takes over an hour, or whether he is constantly "working late," a missing husband could mean something sinister.
3. Mysterious Texts or Phone Calls: If you notice mysterious texts or phone calls on your phone bill, or if your husband tries to hide the phone bill or his cell phone from you, it might mean that there is a new love interest in the rafters. Additionally, if he spends more time on the computer, or tries to hide the screen he was looking at when you walk in the room, this is a good indicator that he might be philandering via the worldwide web.
Of course, the best way to discover what your partner is up to behind your back is to communicate openly and honestly with him. Share your fears regarding his fidelity and try to discuss the matter before you go crazy with worry. Remember, things are not always as they seem!
If you discover that your partner has been unfaithful, find out how to Repair After an Affair.
Have you ever played the victim?
In relationships, couples tend to take on certain roles. One of the most popular roles is that of a victim. Typical victim behavior includes pouting, sulking, running away from arguments, refusing to make decisions or take responsibility for situations, and adding more to one's to-do list in order to feel like a martyr.
What happens in relationships in which there is a victim? It creates a need for the other partner to respond to this behavior in one of two ways. He can either be the villain (the person who is causing the victim to cry, sulk, etc.) or he can be the hero (the person who is trying to comfort the often inconsolable victim). Neither situation is preferable, because when you get to the bottom of it, it is all roleplay. (And not the good kind!)
When you act insincerely in your relationship, such as by crying and refusing to reveal why, acting weaker than truly are, or causing a scene just for the attention and drama it creates, you are cheating you and your partner out of an authentic, lasting connection.
Like the boy who cried wolf, a partner who always cries victim soon becomes an untrustworthy source and her needs fall on deaf ears. Meanwhile, her partner is stuck internalizing all of the negative feedback, sometimes to the point that he actually does act out the villainous behavior of which he has been accused.
What's the lesson here? The next time your partner lets you down or makes you angry, don't embrace it as an opportunity to take the stage and play the victim. Instead, give your feedback maturely and authentically. If you want to cry and yell, go ahead. But just make sure it is coming from your real emotions, and not from a need for melodrama.
Good Fibre Provider
There is also the fiber factor in eating vegetables. Because of the high levels of fiber in vegetables, the digestive system can remain healthier and more toned. Just like your body’s muscles, the digestive system needs to remain sleek and able to process foods. When you eat more fiber, the insides of your digestive system can remain clear and healthy, allowing you to avoid issues with constipation and irregularity, not to mention colon cancers and polyps.
When you want to avoid animal products, you have to make sure that you are eating vegetables in order to get the protein that you’re lacking. By combining vegetables in your meals, you will be able to consume the essential amino acids that your body needs to survive. A simple meal of spinach, beans, and whole grain rice is a great way to treat your body right.
Vegetables also contain high levels of water in their structures, which allows them to be generally fat free and low in calories. This is a great asset for those that are watching their calories and want to lose weight. Combined with the fiber, eating vegetables also tends to make a person feel fuller for longer, and curbs unnecessary snacking.
Comments:
vegetables contain fibres which assist in the maintaining of digestive system. you need to eat vegetables to have enough amount of protein in your body. other than that eating vegetables also can help you to avoid overweight. thank you...
Raksi Outing
Last Friday on 17 oct 2008, I went to SK Batu Tiga with my raksi group members to complete our 10th module... we went there at approximately 8 o'clock in the morning. My partner in that raksi activity is Mohd. Safwan from Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering. We need to facilitate 10 students whom are consist of standard 5 and 6. Our first activity was introducing ourselves to the students in an interesting way. Then, we instructed them to do their group logo that must be consist of square, circle, and triangle shape only... and our group name was finally decided as sebati... hmmm... that was a wonderful experience with school student doing activities.. later we got to go back early at 10am just because the students have to do their rehearsal for their sports day which will be held on the next day. We are at UMP by 11am with sweet memories of SK Batu Tiga... THANK YOU...
DEEPAVALI
DEEPAVALI or Diwali means "a row of lights". It falls on the last two days of the dark half of Kartik (October-November). For some it is a three-day festival. It commences with the Dhan-Teras, on the 13th day of the dark half of Kartik, followed the next day by the Narak Chaudas, the 14th day, and by Deepavali proper on the 15th day.
There are various alleged origins attributed to this festival. Some hold that they celebrate the marriage of Lakshmi with Lord Vishnu. In Bengal the festival is dedicated to the worship of Kali. It also commemorates that blessed day on which the triumphant Lord Rama returned to Ayodhya after defeating Ravana. On this day also Sri Krishna killed the demon Narakasura.
In South India people take an oil bath in the morning and wear new clothes. They partake of sweetmeats. They light fireworks which are regarded as the effigies of Narakasura who was killed on this day. They greet one another, asking, "Have you had your Ganges bath?" which actually refers to the oil bath that morning as it is regarded as purifying as a bath in the holy Ganges.
Everyone forgets and forgives the wrongs done by others. There is an air of freedom, festivity and friendliness everywhere. This festival brings about unity. It instils charity in the hearts of people. Everyone buys new clothes for the family. Employers, too, purchase new clothes for their employees.
Waking up during the Brahmamuhurta (at 4a.m.) is a great blessing from the standpoint of health, ethical discipline, efficiency in work and spiritual advancement. It is on Deepavali that everyone wakes up early in the morning. The sages who instituted this custom must have cherished the hope that their descendents would realise its benefits and make it a regular habit in their lives.
In a happy mood of great rejoicing village folk move about freely, mixing with one another without any reserve, all enmity being forgotten. People embrace one another with love. Deepavali is a great unifying force. Those with keen inner spiritual ears will clearly hear the voice of the sages, "O Children of God! unite, and love all". The vibrations produced by the greetings of love which fill the atmosphere are powerful enough to bring about a change of heart in every man and woman in the world. Alas! That heart has considerably hardened, and only a continuous celebration of Deepavali in our homes can rekindle in us the urgent need of turning away from the ruinous path of hatred.
On this day Hindu merchants in North India open their new account books and pray for success and prosperity during the coming year. The homes are cleaned and decorated by day and illuminated by night with earthern oil-lamps. The best and finest illuminations are to be seen in Bombay and Amritsar. The famous Golden Temple at Amritsar is lit in the evening with thousands of lamps placed all over the steps of the big tank. Vaishnavites celebrate the Govardhan Puja and feed the poor on a large scale.
O Ram! The light of lights, the self-luminous inner light of the Self is ever shining steadily in the chamber of your heart. Sit quietly. Close your eyes. Withdraw the senses. Fix the mind on this supreme light and enjoy the real Deepavali, by attaining illumination of the soul.
He who Himself sees all but whom no one beholds, who illumines the intellect, the sun, the moon and the stars and the whole universe but whom they cannot illumine, He indeed is Brahman, He is the inner Self. Celebrate the real Deepavali by living in Brahman, and enjoy the eternal bliss of the soul.
The sun does not shine there, nor do the moon and the stars, nor do lightnings shine and much less fire. All the lights of the world cannot be compared even to a ray of the inner light of the Self. Merge yourself in this light of lights and enjoy the supreme Deepavali.
Many Deepavali festivals have come and gone. Yet the hearts of the vast majority are as dark as the night of the new moon. The house is lit with lamps, but the heart is full of the darkness of ignorance. O man! wake up from the slumber of ignorance. Realise the constant and eternal light of the Soul which neither rises nor sets, through meditation and deep enquiry.
May you all attain full inner illumination! May the supreme light of lights enlighten your understanding! May you all attain the inexhaustible spiritual wealth of the Self! May you all prosper gloriously on the material as well as spiritual planes!
HOW SMOKING DAMAGES YOUR HEALTH
Tobacco smoke contain three principal dangerous chemicals: tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. Tar is a mixture of several substances (hydrocarbons) that condense into a sticky substance in the lungs. Nicotine is an addictive drug that is absorbed from the lungs and acts mainly on the nervous and cardiovascular systems. And carbon monoxide decreases the amount of oxygen that red blood cells can carry throughout the body.
Consider the average smoker a person who smokes 15 to 20 cigarettes per day. Compared with nonsmoker he or she is about 14 times more likely to die from cancer of the lung, throat or mouth 4 times more likely to die from cancer of the esophagus, twice as likely to die from heart attack. Cigarettes are a principal cause of chonic bronchitis and emphysema and having a chronic lung disease increase the risks of pneumonia and heart failure. The usually minor risks of blood clots from oral contraceptives are much greater among women smokers and doctors do not usually prescribe oral contraceptives for smokers over 35 for this reason. Smoking also increases the risk of high blood pressure.
Some brands of cigarettes contain less tar and nicotine than others hut there is no such things as a safe cigarette. Switching to mild cigarettes does not usually help; habitually heavy smokers usually adapt their smoking habits to the switch by inhaling longer and more deeply and by smoking more cigarettes.
Milestones
Richard Wright of Pink Floyd passed away at 65 this weekend, and while of course that is a sad thing to note, I think it's worthwhile considering that bands like Pink Floyd were already considered dinosaur bands when the real Speed Limit was reacting to the punk and New Wave rebellion that was sweeping the rock world in the late 70's. I said a long time ago that I wasn't going to sit here and reminisce and marking the passing of old rock stars and lament about things gone by.
Ronnie James DeRenzo is 19 years old and full of life when this novel starts in September of 1978. In my way of thinking, I am not so much listening to the old stuff constantly as I am waiting for the next greatest thing. The way things are going, a new Green Day album aside, I don't have much to look forward to. Music these days is what the corporation wants to bring to you. If its got any rebellion and anti-corporate feel to it, its contrived by the corporation to sell to unsuspecting youth.
The Ramones were starving at CBGBs for a good long time. And it wasn't till the 80's were in full swing that REM and Blondie reached any commerical success. Back when grunge was the rave, bands did not want to sell out. People like Kurt Cobain and Eddie Vedder turned their back on the corporations for the longest time.
Now don't mistake me. I do want to make some money with this book. The way its going now it will unlikely that I can sell the three books in this series and retire comfortably. It's not because I am greedy or I have a materialistic lifestyle. I am writing this blog on a five year old Dell Dimension that was not the most expensive model when I bought it. Unlike a lot of aging millionaire rock stars, I am not driving around in a Lamborgini.
But listen here, I wouldn't live that way if I won the $200 million mega millions lottery. I am a guy who thinks seriously about living in a small cabin in the woods and reducing my carbon profile down to the minimum. If I could live on rice and beans, I would. But I have a wife and two kids, and they need all the things that a wife and two kids need in this competive world. So off to work I go, and to the mall I am scurrying lots of times.
I am sad that Richard Wright died but its been 35 years since Pink Floyd did anything meaningful. I'm 50 years old, quite a bit younger than all those dinosaur rockers. I am still down there with the 25 year olds trying to make it.
Deepest Sympathies
Andre Young Jr., 20, son of rap master Dr. Dre was found dead this morning. Dr. Dre appears in cameo in my second book as 40 year old Johnny Rocket's guide to new music.
A 13 year old boy named Sean Francis died on a football field last night near my ancestral home of The River.
We still don't know killed either young man.
My deepest condolences to the families at this time of grievous loss. All we can hope is that they are home with a compassionate God. And at a time like this, it is little solace.
THE PROBLEMS OF LIFE
For those of us who are studying at school or college, the time of exams is very stressful and difficult. Some people find exam time so bad they become ill, because
• They are afraid of failing.
• The hard work of study and revising* damages their health
• They are afraid of letting their parents and family down.
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If exams are really making you ill, worried, or depressed, don't hide your feelings. Talk tosomeone about it. In some cultures, people think it is wrong to share their feelings and worries with others. But this is the only way to get help!
In Britain, there is a saying, 'A problem shared is a problem halved.' So you must find someone to talk to about these problems.
Maybe you can speak to a friend, or someone in your family. Or teachers at your place of study. Or a doctor. If one person doesn't help you, ask someone else.
If you feel very desperate, look at our suicide page, which also gives a link to BEFRIENDERS telephone numbers in different countries. They provide someone you can talk to, in confidence. Also look at our page on fear and worry.
Different people deal with exams in different ways:
Peter, 17,about to take exams in chemistry, biology and maths, says "different people deal with exams in different ways".
"There is so much pressure placed on you to pass exams. I feel I would be letting my parents and my brother down if I didn't do well." His answer to the problem is: "Stay on top of the work."
He recommends, "I don't just sit there and read. I try to condense (make short) my notes, by making new notes of the important points. Then I can read through it faster in the last few days."
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Louise, 18, taking English Literature, media studies and theatre studies, says,
"I revise one subject for an hour, then move to another subject for an hour, and carry on like that for as long as I can."
HOW TO GET THROUGH EXAMS
Here are 10 top tips by educational psychologists:
1. Get help: ask a teacher or tutor about how to revise, and exam skills - how to work when you are in an exam.
2. Take short rests during your time of work and revision. If your mind is tired, it will not remember well.
3. Plan your work: revise at times when you know you will work at your best.
4. Stay healthy: get enough sleep, eat sensibly.
5. Exercise: you need exercise to work well. Walk, run, play sport - whatever you enjoy.
6. Be positive: stop thinking about the future and failing.
7. Do your best: no-one can do more than this.
8. Be alert: if you feel ill, talk to someone about your worries.
9. But don't be too relaxed! Some stress over exams makes you work hard for them.
10. Be sensible: if it upsets you to talk to your friends about an exam when it is finished, don't do it! In fact, don't even think about the exam you have finished. What is done is done. You cannot change what you have written!
To this advice, we would add:
If you are studying in the evening, don't go straight to bed afterwards. Your mind will still be 'going round and round' - thinking too much. Do something else, maybe walk or get exercise. Choose something that will relax you, and make you think of other things.
You do not need to face exams alone. God can help you. Search for Him. He can be a friend to you.
A crocodile is any species belonging to the family Crocodylidae (sometimes classified instead as the subfamily Crocodylinae. The term can also be used more loosely to include all members of the order Crocodilia for example the true crocodiles, the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae) and the gharials (family Gavialidae), or even the Crocodylomorpha which includes prehistoric crocodile relatives and ancestors. Crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. Crocodiles tend to congregate in freshwater habitats like rivers, lakes, wetlands and sometimes in brackish water. They feed mostly on vertebrates like fish, reptiles, and mammals, sometimes on invertebrates like mollusks and crustaceans, depending on species. They are an ancient lineage, and are believed to have changed little since the time of the dinosaurs. They are believed to be 200 million years old whereas dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago; crocodiles survived great extinction events.
Mental health refers to an individual's emotional and psychological well-being. Merriam-Webster defines mental health as "A state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society, and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life."
According to the World Health Organization, there is no single "official" definition of mental health. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how "mental health" is defined. In general, most experts agree that "mental health" and "mental illness" are not opposites. In other words, the absence of a recognized mental disorder is not necessarily an indicator of sound mental health.
One way to think about mental health is by looking at how effectively and successfully a person functions. Feeling capable and competent; being able to handle normal levels of stress, maintain satisfying relationships, and lead an independent life; and being able to "bounce back," or recover from difficult situations, are all signs of mental health.
A combination of physical, emotional, social and most importantly mental well-being is necessary to achieve overall health.
Nutrition
Nutrition is the science that studies how what people eat affects their health and performance, such as foods or food components that cause diseases or deteriorate health (such as eating too many calories, which is a major contributing factor to obesity, diabetes, and heart disease). The field of nutrition also studies foods and dietary supplements that improve performance, promote health, and cure or prevent disease, such as eating fibrous foods to reduce the risk of colon cancer, or supplementing with vitamin C to strengthen teeth and gums and to improve the immune system.
Personal health depends partially on the social structure of one’s life. The maintenance of strong social relationships is linked to good health conditions, longevity, productivity, and a positive attitude. This is due to the fact that positive social interaction as viewed by the participant increases many chemical levels in the brain which are linked to personality and intelligence traits. Essentially this means that positive reinforcement from a third party make one more socially adept, in control, and relaxed physically and mentally, all of which are proven to effect the nervous system(UHF).
Love from Islamic side
In a sense, love does encompass the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood which applies to all who hold the faith. There are no direct references stating that God is love, but amongst the 99 names of God (Allah), there is the name Al-Wadud or 'the Loving One', which is found in Surah 11:90 as well as Surah 85:14. It refers to God as being "full of loving kindness". All who hold the faith have God's love, but to what degree or effort he has pleased God depends on the individual itself.
Ishq, or divine love, is the emphasis of Sufism. Sufis believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at itself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of Love. God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms which are the Lover, Loved, and Beloved with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through Love humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Sufism are infamous for being "drunk" due to their Love of God hence the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music.
LOVE is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection. The word love can refer to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic pleasure ("I loved that meal") to intense interpersonal attraction ("I love my girlfriend"). This diversity of meanings, combined with the complexity of the feelings involved, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, even compared to other emotional states.
As an abstract concept, love usually refers to a deep, ineffable feeling of tenderly caring for another person. Even this limited conception of love, however, encompasses a wealth of different feelings, from the passionate desire and intimacy of romantic love to the nonsexual emotional closeness of familial and Platonic love to the profound oneness or devotion of religious love. Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.
Tire
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Background
A tire is a strong, flexible rubber casing attached to the rim of a wheel. Tires provide a gripping surface for traction and serve as a cushion for the wheels of a moving vehicle. Tires are found on automobile s, trucks, buses, aircraft landing gear, tractors and other farm equipment, industrial vehicles such as forklifts, and common conveyances such as baby carriages, shopping carts, wheel chairs, bicycles, and motorcycles.
Tires for most vehicles are pneumatic; air is held under pressure inside the tire. Until recently, pneumatic tires had an inner tube to hold the air pressure, but now pneumatic tires are designed to form a pressure seal with the rim of the wheel.
Scottish inventor Robert Thomson developed the pneumatic tire with inner tube in 1845, but his design was ahead of its time and attracted little interest. The pneumatic tire was reinvented in the 1880s by another Scotsman, John Boyd Dunlop, and became immediately popular with bicyclists.
Natural rubber is the main raw material used in manufacturing tires, although synthetic rubber is also used. In order to develop the proper characteristics of strength, resiliency, and wear-resistance, however, the rubber must be treated with a variety of chemicals and then heated. American inventor Charles Goodyear discovered the process of strengthening rubber, known as vulcanization or curing, by accident in 1839. He had been experimenting with rubber since 1830 but had been unable to develop a suitable curing process. During an experiment with a mixture of india rubber and sulfur, Goodyear dropped the mixture on a hot stove. A chemical reaction took place and, instead of melting, the rubber-sulfur mixture formed a hard lump. He continued his experiments until he could treat continuous sheets of rubber.
Today, large, efficient factories staffed with skilled workers produce more than 250 million new tires a year. Although automation guides many of the steps in the manufacturing process, skilled workers are still required to assemble the components of a tire.
Raw Materials
Rubber is the main raw material used in manufacturing tires, and both natural and synthetic rubber are used. Natural rubber is found as a milky liquid in the bark of the rubber tree, Hevea Brasiliensis. To produce the raw rubber used in tire manufacturing, the liquid latex is mixed with acids that cause the rubber to solidify. Presses squeeze out excess water and form the rubber into sheets, and then the sheets are dried in tall smokehouses, pressed into enormous bales, and shipped to tire factories around the world. Synthetic rubber is produced from the polymers found in crude oil.
The other primary ingredient in tire rubber is carbon black. Carbon black is a fine, soft powder created when crude oil or natural gas is burned with a limited amount of oxygen, causing incomplete combustion and creating a large amount of fine soot. So much carbon black is required for manufacturing tires that rail cars transport it and huge silos store the carbon black at the tire factory until it is needed.
Sulfur and other chemicals are also used in tires. Specific chemicals, when mixed with rubber and then heated, produce specific tire characteristics such as high friction (but low mileage) for a racing tire or high mileage (but lower friction) for a passenger car tire. Some chemicals keep the rubber flexible while it is being shaped into a tire while other chemicals protect the rubber from the ultraviolet radiation in sunshine.
Design
The main features of a passenger car tire are the tread, the body with sidewalls, and the beads. The tread is the raised pattern in contact with the road. The body supports the tread and gives the tire its specific shape. The beads are rubber-covered, metal-wire bundles that hold the tire on the wheel.
Computer systems now play a major role in tire design. Complex analysis software acting on years of test data allows tire engineers to simulate the performance of tread design and other design parameters. The software creates a three-dimensional color image of a possible tire design and calculates the effects of different stresses on the proposed tire design. Computer simulations save money for tire manufacturers because many design limitations can be discovered before a proto-type tire is actually assembled and tested.
In addition to tests of tread design and tire body construction, computers can simulate the effects of different types of rubber compounds. In a modern passenger car tire, as many as twenty different types of rubber may be used in different parts of the tire. One rubber compound may be used in the tread for good traction in cold weather; another compound is used to give increased rigidity in the tire sidewalls.
After tire engineers are satisfied with computer studies of a new tire, manufacturing engineers and skilled tire assemblers work with the designers to produce tire prototypes for testing. When design and manufacturing engineers are satisfied with a new tire design, tire factories begin mass production of the new tire.
The tire-building machine invented by W. C. State of Goodyear Tire Company in 1909 dramatically increased workers' productivity.
The history of tires provides an excellent example of how innovations in one industry can cause massive changes in another. Simply put, the "take-off" of the automobile industry transformed the rubber industry in the United States during the early years of the twentieth century. The late-nineteenth century rubber industry concentrated on producing footwear and bicycle and carriage tires. By World War I, rubber and automobile tires were virtually synonymous in the public mind. Seven thousand new car sales in 1901 were accompanied by sales of 28,000 tires as original equipment (OE) and an additional 68,000 replacement tires. By 1918, with tires forming about fifty percent of rubber sales, OE tire sales exceeded four million for the one million new cars produced and total tire production reached 24.5 million.
This vast increase in production was accompanied by the emergence of now well-known firms like Goodyear, Goodrich, and Firestone, and the formation of the industry's center in Akron, Ohio. And while employment soared, production increases were possible only with the aid of technology. The fundamental innovation was the mechanization of core building. Before 1910, tires were built up by workers stretching, cementing, and stitching each ply and the beads around an iron core. In 1909, W. C. State of the Goodyear company patented a machine that carried the plys, beads, and tread on rollers carried on a central turret. The worker pulled the appropriate material over the core while the machine's electric motor held the proper tension so the worker could finish cementing and stitching. Skill and dexterity remained important, but the core-building machine simplified and sped-up production from six to eight tires per day per worker to twenty to forty a day, depending upon the type.
William S. Pretzer
The Manufacturing
Process
A passenger car tire is manufactured by wrapping multiple layers of specially formulated rubber around a metal drum in a tire-forming machine. The different components of the tire are carried to the forming machine, where a skilled assembler cuts and positions the strips to form the different parts of the
The first step in the tire manufacturing process is the mixing of raw materials—rubber, carbon black, sulfur, and other materials—to form the rubber compound. After the rubber is prepared, it is sent to a tire-building machine, where a worker builds up the rubber layers to form the tire. At this point, the tire is called a "green tire."
tire, called a "green tire" at this point. When a green tire is finished, the metal drum collapses, allowing the tire assembler to remove the tire. The green tire is then taken to a mold for curing.
• 1 The first step in the tire manufacturing process is the mixing of raw materials to form the rubber compound. Railcars deliver large quantities of natural and synthetic rubber, carbon black, sulfur, and other chemicals and oils, all of which are stored until needed. Computer control systems contain various recipes and can automatically measure out specific batches of rubber and chemicals for mixing. Gigantic mixers, hanging like vertical cement mixers, stir the rubber and chemicals together in batches weighing up to 1,100 pounds.
• 2 Each mix is then remilled with additional heating to soften the batch and mix the chemicals. In a third step, the batch goes through a mixer again, where additional chemicals are added to form what is known as the final mix. During all three steps of mixing, heat and friction are applied to the batch to soften the rubber and evenly distribute the chemicals. The chemical composition of each batch depends on the tire part—certain rubber formulations are used for the body, other formulas for the beads, and others for the tread.
Body, beads, and tread
• 3 Once a batch of rubber has been mixed, it goes through powerful rolling mills that squeeze the batch into thick sheets. These sheets are then used to make the specific parts of the tire. The tire body, for instance, consists of strips of cloth-like fabric that are covered with rubber. Each strip of rubberized fabric is used to form a layer called a ply in the tire body. A passenger car tire may have as many as four plies in the body.
• 4 For the beads of a tire, wire bundles are formed on a wire wrapping machine. The bundles are then formed into rings, and the rings are covered with rubber.
• 5 The rubber for the tire tread and sidewalls travels from the batch mixer to another type of processing machine called an extruder. In the extruder, the batch is further mixed and heated and is then forced out through a die—a shaped orifice—to form a layer of rubber. Sidewall rubber is covered with a protective plastic sheet and rolled. Tread rubber is sliced into strips and loaded into large, flat metal cases called books.
Tire-building machine
• 6 The rolls of sidewall rubber, the books containing tread rubber, and the racks of
After the green tire is made, it is put in a mold for curing. Shaped like a clam, the mold contains a large, flexible balloon. The tire is placed over the balloon (bladder), and the mold closes. Next, steam is pumped into the balloon, expanding it to shape the tire against the sides of the mold. After cooling, the tire is inflated and tested.
beads are all delivered to a skilled assembler at a tire-building machine. At the center of the machine is a collapsible rotating drum that holds the tire parts. The tire assembler starts building a tire by wrapping the rubber-covered fabric plies of the body around the machine drum. After the ends of these plies are joined with glue, the beads are added and locked into place with additional tire body plies laid over the beads. Next, the assembler uses special power tools to shape the edges of the tire plies. Finally, the extruded rubber layers for the sidewalls and tread are glued into place, and the assembled tire—the green tire—is removed from the tire-building machine.
Curing
• 7 A green tire is placed inside a large mold for the curing process. A tire mold is shaped like a monstrous metal clam which opens to reveal a large, flexible balloon called a bladder. The green tire is placed over the bladder and, as the clamshell mold closes, the bladder fills with steam and expands to shape the tire and force the blank tread rubber against the raised interior of the mold. During this curing process, the steam heats the green tire up to 280 degrees. Time in the mold depends on the characteristics desired in the tire.
• 8 After curing is complete, the tire is removed from the mold for cooling and then testing. Each tire is thoroughly inspected for flaws such as bubbles or voids in the rubber of the tread, sidewall, and interior of the tire. Then, the tire is placed on a test wheel, inflated, and spun. Sensors in the test wheel measure the balance of the tire and determine if the tire runs in a straight line. Because of the design and assembly of a modern tire, rarely is one rejected. Once the tire has been inspected and run on the test wheel, it is moved to a warehouse for distribution.
Quality Control
Quality control begins with the suppliers of the raw materials. Today, a tire manufacturer seeks suppliers who test the raw materials before they are delivered to the tire plant. A manufacturer will often enter into special purchasing agreements with a few suppliers who provide detailed certification of the properties and composition of the raw materials. To insure the certification of suppliers, tire company chemists make random tests of the raw materials as they are delivered.
Throughout the batch mixing process, samples of the rubber are drawn and tested to confirm different properties such as tensile strength and density. Each tire assembler is responsible for the tire components used. Code numbers and a comprehensive computer record-keeping system allow plant managers to trace batches of rubber and specific tire components.
When a new tire design is being manufactured for the first time, hundreds of tires are taken from the end of the assembly line for destructive testing. Some of the tires, for example, are sliced open to check for air pockets between body plies, while others are pressed down on metal studs to determine puncture resistance. Still other tires are spun rapidly and forced down onto metal drums to test mileage and other performance characteristics.
A variety of nondestructive evaluation techniques are also used in tire quality control. X-ray videography provides a quick and revealing view through a tire. In an X-ray tire test, a tire is selected at random and taken to a radiation booth where it is bombarded with X-rays. A test technician views the X-ray image on a video screen, where tire defects are easily spotted. If a defect shows up, manufacturing engineers review the specific steps of tire component assembly to determine how the flaw was formed.
In addition to internal testing, feedback from consumers and tire dealers is also correlated with the manufacturing process to identify process improvements.
The Future
Constant improvements in rubber chemistry and tire design are creating exciting new tires that offer greater mileage and improved performance in extreme weather conditions. Manufacturers now offer tires estimated to last up to 80,000 miles. Treads, designed and tested by computer, now feature unique asymmetrical bands for improved traction and safety on wet or snowy roads.
Tire design engineers are also experimenting with non-pneumatic tires that can never go flat because they don't contain air under pressure. One such non-pneumatic tire is simply one slab of thick plastic attached to the wheel rim. The plastic curves out from the rim to a point where a rubber tread is secured to the plastic for contact with the road. Such a tire offers lower rolling resistance for greater fuel economy and superior handling because of a greater area of contact between tread and road.
Books
Kovac, F. J. Tire Technology. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., 1978.
Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires. U. S. Dept. of Transportation, 1981.
Periodicals
"Winners: The Best Product Designs of the Year," Business Week. June 8, 1992, pp. 56-57.
"Computer Simulation Saves Money, Enhances Tire Design Before Prototypes Are Built," Elastomerics. July 1992, pp. 14-15.
"PZero: Pushing the Performance Envelope with Pirelli's Newest Offering," European Car. July, 1992, pp. 62-63.
"Tires: A Century of Progress," Popular Mechanics. June 4, 1985, pp. 60-64.
—Robert C. Miller
Nylon fiber
The Federal Trade Commission's definition for Nylon Fiber: A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which less than 85% of the amide-linkages are attached directly (-CO-NH-) to two aliphatic groups.
• A synthetic thermoplastic fiber (Nylon melts/glazes easily at relatively low temperatures)
• Round, smooth, and shiny filament fibers
• cross sections can be either
o trilobal to imitate silk
o multilobal to increase staple like appearance and hand
• Its most widely used structures are multifilament, monofilament, staple or tow and is available as partially drawn or as finished filaments.
• Regular nylon has a round cross section and is perfectly uniform. The filaments are generally completely transparent unless they have been delustered or solution dyed. Thus, they are microscopically recognized as glass rods.
• Molecular chains of nylon are long and straight variations but have no side chains or linkages.
o Cold drawing (step 18 on the model) can align the chains so they are oriented with the lengthwise direction and are highly crystalline.
• Nylon is related chemically to the protein fibers silk and wool.
o They both have similar dye sites but nylon has many fewer dye sites than wool.
[edit] Basic concepts of nylon production
• The first approach: combining molecules with an acid (COOH) group on each end are reacted with two chemicals that contain amine(NH2)groups on each end.
This process creates nylon 6,6, made of hexamethylene diamine with six carbon atoms and acidipic acid, as well as six carbon atoms.
• The second approach: a compound has an acid at one end and an amine at the other and is polymerized to form a chain with repeating units of(-NH-[CH2]n-CO-)x.
o In other words, nylon 6 is made from a single six-carbon substance called caprolactam.
o In this equation, if n=5, then nylon 6 is the assigned name. (may also be referred to as polymer)
Nylon 6,6
• Pleats and creases can be heat-set at higher temperatures
• Nylon is very easy to dye, but Nylon 6,6 is not
Nylon 6
• Better dye Affinity
• Softer Hand
• Greater elasticity and elastic recovery
• Better weathering properties; better sunlight resistance
Producers The producers of nylon include: Honeywell Nylon Inc., Invista, Wellman Inc. among many others. The Dupont Company, is the most famous pioneer of the nylon we know today.
Characteristics
• Variation of luster: nylon has the ability to be very lustrous, semilustrous or dull.
• Durability: its high tenacity fibers are used for seatbelts, tire cords, ballistic cloth and other uses.
• High elongation
• Excellent abrasion resistance
• Highly resilient (nylon fabrics are heat-set)
• Paved the way for easy-care garments
• High resistance to:
o insects, fungi and animals
o molds, mildew, rot
o many chemicals
• Used in carpets and nylon stockings
• Melts instead of burning
• Used in many military applications
Bulk properties
Above their melting temperatures, Tm, thermoplastics like nylon are amorphous solids or viscous fluids in which the chains approximate random coils. Below Tm, amorphous regions alternate with regions which are lamellar crystals.[1] The amorphous regions contribute elasticity and the crystalline regions contribute strength and rigidity. The planar amide (-CO-NH-) groups are very polar, so nylon forms multiple hydrogen bonds among adjacent strands. Because the nylon backbone is so regular and symmetrical, especially if all the amide bonds are in the trans configuration, nylons often have high crystallinity and make excellent fibers. The amount of crystallinity depends on the details of formation, as well as on the kind of nylon. Apparently it can never be quenched from a melt as a completely amorphous solid.
Nylon 6,6 can have multiple parallel strands aligned with their neighboring peptide bonds at coordinated separations of exactly 6 and 4 carbons for considerable lengths, so the carbonyl oxygens and amide hydrogens can line up to form interchain hydrogen bonds repeatedly, without interruption. Nylon 5,10 can have coordinated runs of 5 and 8 carbons. Thus parallel (but not antiparallel) strands can participate in extended, unbroken, multi-chain β-pleated sheets, a strong and tough supermolecular structure similar to that found in natural silk fibroin and the β-keratins in feathers. (Proteins have only an amino acid α-carbon separating sequential -CO-NH- groups.) Nylon 6 will form uninterrupted H-bonded sheets with mixed directionalities, but the β-sheet wrinkling is somewhat different. The three-dimensional disposition of each alkane hydrocarbon chain depends on rotations about the 109.47° tetrahedral bonds of singly-bonded carbon atoms.
When extruded into fibers through pores in an industrial spinneret, the individual polymer chains tend to align because of viscous flow. If subjected to cold drawing afterwards, the fibers align further, increasing their crystallinity, and the material acquires additional tensile strength.[2] In practice, nylon fibers are most often drawn using heated rolls at high speeds.
Block nylon tends to be less crystalline, except near the surfaces due to shearing stresses during formation. Nylon is clear and colorless, or milky, but is easily dyed. Multistranded nylon cord and rope is slippery and tends to unravel. The ends can be melted and fused with a heat source such as a flame or electrode to prevent this.
When dry, polyamide is a good electrical insulator. However, polyamide is hygroscopic. The absorption of water will change some of the material's properties such as its electrical resistance. Nylon is less absorbent than wool or cotton.
Historical uses
Bill Pittendreigh, DuPont, and other individuals and corporations worked diligently during the first few months of World War II to find a way to replace Asian silk and hemp with nylon in parachutes. It was also used to make tires, tents, ropes, ponchos, and other military supplies. It was even used in the production of a high-grade paper for U.S. currency. At the outset of the war, cotton accounted for more than 80% of all fibers used and manufactured, and wool fibers accounted for the remaining 20%. By August 1945, manufactured fibers had taken a market share of 25% and cotton had dropped.
Some of the terpolymers based upon nylon are used every day in packaging. Nylon has been used for meat wrappings and sausage sheaths.
Use in composites
Nylon can be used as the matrix material in composite materials, with reinforcing fibres like glass or carbon fiber, and has a higher density than pure nylon. Such thermoplastic composites (25% glass fibre) are frequently used in car components next to the engine, such as exhaust manifolds, where the good heat resistance of such materials makes them feasible competitors to metals.
Hydrolysis and degradation
All nylons are susceptible to hydrolysis, especially by strong acids, a reaction essentially the reverse of the synthetic reaction shown above. The molecular weight of nylon products so attacked drops fast, and cracks form quickly at the affected zones. Lower members of the nylons (such as nylon 6) are affected more than higher members such as nylon 12. This means that nylon parts cannot be used in contact with sulphuric acid for example, such as the electrolyte used in lead-acid batteries. When being molded, nylon must be dried to prevent hydrolysis in the molding machine barrel since water at high temperatures can also degrade the polymer. The reaction is of the type
'Friendship' is a term used to denote co-operative and supportive behavior between two or more beings. In this sense, the term connotes a relationship which involves mutual knowledge, esteem, and affection and respect along with a degree of rendering service to friends in times of need or crisis. Friends will welcome each other's company and exhibit loyalty towards each other, often to the point of altruism. Their tastes will usually be similar and may converge, and they will share enjoyable activities. They will also engage in mutually helping behavior, such as exchange of advice and the sharing of hardship. A friend is someone who may often demonstrate reciprocating and reflective behaviors. Yet for many, friendship is nothing more than the trust that someone or something will not harm them. Value that is found in friendships is often the result of a friend demonstrating the following on a consistent basis:
the tendency to desire what is best for the other,
sympathy and empathy,
honesty, perhaps in situations where it may be difficult for others to speak the truth, especially in terms of pointing out the perceived faults of one's counterpart
mutual understanding.
Friends in Nazareth, Israel. Friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than friendships later in life.In a comparison of personal relationships, friendship is considered to be closer than association, although there is a range of degrees of intimacy in both friendships and associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as spanning across the same continuum. The study of friendship is included in sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Various theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social psychology, social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. See Interpersonal relationships
Friendship is considered one of the central human experiences, and has been sanctified by all major religions. The Epic of Gilgamesh, a Babylonian poem that is among the earliest known literary works in history, chronicles in great depth the friendship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The Greco-Roman had, as paramount examples, the friendship of Orestes and Pylades, and, in Virgil's Aeneid, the friendship of Euryalus and Nisus. The Abrahamic faiths have the story of David and Jonathan. Friendship played an important role in German Romanticism. A good example for this is Schiller's Die Bürgschaft. The Christian Gospels state that Jesus Christ declared, "No one has greater love than this, to lay down one's life for one's friends."(John 15:13).
In philosophy, Aristotle is known for his discussion (in the Nicomachean Ethics) of philia, which is usually (somewhat misleadingly) translated as "friendship," and certainly includes friendship, though is a much broader concept.
Cultural variations: (stub-section) A group of friends consists of two or more people who are in a mutually pleasing relationship engendering a sentiment of camaraderie, exclusivity, and mutual trust. There are varying degrees of "closeness" between friends. Hence, some people choose to differentiate and categorize friendships based on this sentiment.
Contents [hide]
1 Rome
2 Russia
3 Asia
4 Modern west
5 Decline of close friendships
6 Developmental issues
7 Types of friendship
8 Non-personal friendships
9 Interspecies friendship and animal friendship
10 Colloquial terms
11 Friendship contrasted with comradeship
12 Bibliography
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
[edit] Rome
During the time of the Roman Empire, Cicero had his own beliefs on friendship. Cicero believed that in order to have a true friendship with someone there must be all honesty and truth. If there isn’t, then this isn’t a true friendship. In that case, friends must be one hundred percent honest with each other and put one hundred percent of their trust in the other person. Cicero also believed that for people to be friends with another person, they must do things without the expectation that their friend will have to repay them. He also believes that if a friend is about to do something wrong, and something that goes against your morals, you shouldn’t compromise your morals. You must explain why what they are going to do is wrong, and help them to see what the right thing to do is, because Cicero believes that ignorance is the cause of evil. Finally the last thing that Cicero believed was that the reason that a friendship comes to an end is because one person in that friendship has become bad. (On Friendship, Cicero)
[edit] Russia
The relationship is constructed differently in different cultures. In Russia, for example, one typically accords very few people the status of "friend". These friendships however make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone, and to use diminutives. A norm of polite behaviour is addressing "acquaintances" by full first name plus patronymic. These could include relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as workplace relationships of long standing, neighbors with whom one shares an occasional meal and visit, and so on. Physical contact between friends was expected, and friends, whether or not of the same sex, would embrace, sometimes kiss and walk in public with their arms around each other, or arm-in-arm, or hand-in-hand.
[edit] Asia
In the Middle East and Central Asia male friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend also to be reserved and respectable in nature. They tend to call friends by a shorter name or nick names.
[edit] Modern west
In the Western world, intimate physical contact has been sexualized in the public mind over the last one hundred years and is considered almost taboo in friendship, especially between two males. However, stylized hugging or kissing may be considered acceptable, depending on the context (see, for example, the kiss the tramp gives the kid in The Kid). In Spain and other Mediterranean countries men may embrace each other in public and kiss each other on the cheek. This is not limited solely to older generations but rather is present throughout all generations. In young children throughout the modern western world, friendship, usually of a homosocial nature, typically exhibits elements of a closeness and intimacy suppressed later in life in order to conform to societal standards
Decline of close friendships
The number and quality of friendships for the average American has been declining since at least 1985, according to a 2006 study.[1] The study states that 25% of Americans have no close confidants, and that the average total number of confidants per person has dropped to 2.
In recent times, some thinkers have postulated that modern friendships have lost the force and importance that they had in antiquity. C. S. Lewis for example, in his The Four Loves, writes:
"To the Ancients, Friendship seemed the happiest and most fully human of all loves; the crown of life and the school of virtue. The modern world, in comparison, ignores it. We admit of course that besides a wife and family a man needs a few 'friends'. But the very tone of the admission, and the sort of acquaintanceships which those who make it would describe as 'friendships', show clearly that what they are talking about has very little to do with that Philía which Aristotle classified among the virtues or that Amicitia on which Cicero wrote a book."
Likewise, Paul Halsall claims that:
"The intense emotional and affective relationships described in the past as "non-sexual" cannot be said to exist today: modern heterosexual men can be buddies, but unless drunk they cannot touch each other, or regularly sleep together. They cannot affirm that an emotional affective relationship with another man is the centrally important relationship in their lives. It is not going too far, is it, to claim that friendship – if used to translate Greek philia or Latin amicitia – hardly exists among heterosexual men in modern Western society."
Mark McLelland, writing under his Buddhist name of Dharmachari Jñanavira (Article), more directly points to homophobia being at the root of a modern decline in the western tradition of friendship:
"Hence, in our cultural context where homosexual desire has for centuries been considered sinful, unnatural and a great evil, the experience of homoerotic desire can be very traumatic for some individuals and severely limit the potential for same-sex friendship. The Danish sociologist Henning Bech, for instance, writes of the anxiety which often accompanies developing intimacy between male friends:
"'The more one has to assure oneself that one's relationship with another man is not homosexual, the more conscious one becomes that it might be, and the more necessary it becomes to protect oneself against it. The result is that friendship gradually becomes impossible.'"
Their opinion that fear of being, or being seen as, homosexual has killed off western man's ability to form close friendships with other men is shared by Japanese psychologist Doi Takeo, who claims that male friendships in American society are fraught with homosexual anxiety and thus homophobia is a limiting factor stopping men from establishing deep friendships with other men.
The suggestion that friendship contains an ineluctable element of erotic desire is not new, but has been advanced by students of friendship ever since the time of the ancient Greeks, where it comes up in the writings of Plato. More recently, the Austrian philosopher Otto Weininger claimed that:
"There is no friendship between men that has not an element of sexuality in it, however little accentuated it may be in the nature of the friendship, and however painful the idea of the sexual element would be. But it is enough to remember that there can be no friendship unless there has been some attraction to draw the men together. Much of the affection, protection, and nepotism between men is due to the presence of unsuspected sexual compatibility." (Sex and Character, 1903)
Recent western scholarship in gender theory and feminism concurs, as reflected in the writings of Eve Sedgwick in her The Epistemology of the Closet, and Jonathan Dollimore in his Sexual Dissidence and Cultural Change: Augustine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault.
There is another theory for the decline of male friendship in Western societies. Modern Western men have grown up in smaller families. This means they had fewer siblings and, importantly, fewer brothers to play with younger or elder. After leaving the family nest for work, studies or other reasons, the sudden loss of brotherly friendships may be compensated by seeking more male friends. Men from smaller families will have less need to compensate, thus explaining the decline of male friendships later in life. This theory is particularly interesting because it does not require the obscure assumptions that all men must have homo-erotic desires to need male friends.
Developmental issues
In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships later in life[citation needed]. However making friends seems to trouble lots of people[citation needed]; having no friends can be emotionally damaging in some cases[citation needed]. Sometimes going years without a single friend can lead to suicide[citation needed]. A long time of friendship may also result in marriage, as they say[who?], too much friendship, is followed by a compromise.
A study by researchers from Purdue University found that post secondary education (e.g. university) friendships last longer than the friendships before it.[citation needed]
[edit] Types of friendship
best friends
Acquaintance
Romantic friendship
Soulmate
Pen pal
Internet friendship
Comrade
Friends with benefits
Boston marriage
Blood brotherhood
Companionate love
Intimate relationship
Love
Platonic love
Romantic love
Open relationship
Roommate
Spiritual
Invisible
[edit] Non-personal friendships
Although the term initially described relations between individuals, it is at times used for political purposes to describe relations between states or peoples ("the Franco-German friendship", for example), indicating in this case an affinity or mutuality of purpose between the two nations.
Regarding this aspect of international relations, Lord Palmerston said: "Therefore I say that it is a narrow policy to suppose that this country or that is to be marked out as the eternal ally or the perpetual enemy of England. We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow."[2] This is often paraphrased as: "Nations have no permanent friends and no permanent enemies. Only permanent interests."
The word "friendship" can be used in political speeches as an emotive modifier. Friendship in international relationships often refers to the quality of historical, existing, or anticipated bilateral relationships.
[edit] Interspecies friendship and animal friendship
Friendship as a type of interpersonal relationship is found also among animals with high intelligence, such as the higher mammals and some birds. Cross-species friendships are common between humans and domestic animals. Less common but noteworthy are friendships between an animal and another animal of a different species, such as a dog and cat.
See also: ethology, altruism in animals, sociobiology
[edit] Colloquial terms
A number of colloquial terms have been used to describe friendship and the context in which a friendship is fostered. These are briefly described below.
A friend who supports others only when it is easy and convenient to do so is called a "fair-weather friend". A friend who supports their own friends through emotional difficulties is a "true friend." This term also denotes a large degree of altruism, in that the true friend often sacrifices something of his or her own (usually their time and resources) in order to help the friend in need. True friends also are known to be very rare. A true friend may not be your best friend but someone who you know will be there for you. Friends who are sexually intimate but don't consider themselves to be dating is said to be a "casual relationship". This is also referred to as being "friends with benefits". A "best friend" is a friend to whom one feels closest. It is usually implied that the relationship is reciprocal, but such is not always the case, and best friend relationships can often be very complex.
[edit] Friendship contrasted with comradeship
Friendship can be mistaken for comradeship. Comradeship is the feeling of affinity that draws people together in time of war or when people have a mutual enemy or even a common goal. Former New York Times war correspondent Chris Hedges wrote: "We feel in wartime comradeship. We confuse this with friendship, with love. There are those, who will insist that the comradeship of war is love — the exotic glow that makes us in war feel as one people, one entity, is real, but this is part of war's intoxication. As this feeling dissipated in the weeks after the attack, there was a kind of nostalgia for its warm glow and wartime always brings with it this comradeship, which is the opposite of friendship. Friends are predetermined; friendship takes place between men and women who possess an intellectual and emotional affinity for each other. But comradeship – that ecstatic bliss that comes with belonging to the crowd in wartime – is within our reach. We can all have comrades." [1] As a war ends, or a common enemy recedes, comrades return to being strangers, who lack friendship and have little in common.
Marriage is a social, religious, spiritual, or legal union of individuals. This union may also be called matrimony, while the ceremony that marks its beginning is usually called a wedding and the married status created is sometimes called wedlock.
Marriage is an institution in which interpersonal relationships (usually intimate and sexual) are acknowledged by the state or by religious authority. It is often viewed as a contract. Civil marriage is the legal concept of marriage as a governmental institution, in accordance with marriage laws of the jurisdiction. If recognized by the state, by the religion(s) to which the parties belong or by society in general, the act of marriage changes the personal and social status of the individuals who enter into it.
People marry for many reasons, but usually one or more of the following: legal, social, and economic stability; the formation of a family unit; procreation and the education and nurturing of children; legitimizing sexual relations; public declaration of love; or to obtain citizenship.[1][2]
Marriage may take many forms: for example, a union between one man and one woman as husband and wife is a monogamous heterosexual marriage; polygamy – in which a person takes more than one spouse – is common in some societies.[3] Recently, some jurisdictions[4] and denominations[5][6][7] have begun to recognize same-sex marriage, uniting people of the same sex.
A marriage is often formalized during a marriage ceremony,[8] which may be performed either by a religious officiant, by a secular State authorised officiator, or (in weddings that have no church or state affiliation) by a trusted friend of the wedding participants. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved and, in many societies, their extended families.
Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that "Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses." The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam gives men and women the "right to marriage" regardless of their race, colour or nationality, but not religion.
Selection of a partner
Main article: Arranged Marriage
An arranged marriage between Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of SpainThe selection of a marriage partner may involve either the couple going through a selection process of courtship or the marriage may be arranged by the couples' parents or an outside party.
Typically an arranged marriage will be finalized only with the approval of the couple[citation needed], though parents sometimes enforce arranged marriages on their children because of cultural tradition or for some other special reason (e.g., dowry).[citation needed] Sometimes a person seeking marriage is comfortable with having his or her marriage arranged and, even disregarding parental preference, would freely choose an arranged marriage.[citation needed] Forced marriage is common in only a few communities and often attracts harsh criticism even from people who are generally in favor of arranged marriage.[citation needed]
A pragmatic (or 'arranged') marriage is made easier by formal procedures of family or group politics. A responsible authority sets up or encourages the marriage; they may, indeed, engage a professional matchmaker to find a suitable spouse for an unmarried person. The authority figure could be parents, family, a religious official, or a group consensus.
In some cases, the authority figure may choose a match for purposes other than marital harmony. Some of the most popular uses of arranged marriage are for dowry or immigration.
Arranged marriages are still common in some countries, such as India, but are now rare in Western countries.[citation needed] In rural Indian villages, child marriage is also practiced, with parents at times arranging the wedding, sometimes even before the child is born. This practice is now illegal under the Child Marriage Restraint Act. In urban India, people use thriving institutions known as Marriage Bureaus or Matrimonials Sites, where potential partners register.[citation needed]
Marriage ceremony
Main article: Wedding
Couple married in a Shinto ceremony in Takayama, Gifu prefecture.A marriage is usually formalised at a wedding or marriage ceremony.[9] The ceremony may be officiated either by a religious official, by a government official or by a state approved celebrant. In many European and some Latin American countries, any religious ceremony must be held separately from the required civil ceremony. Some countries – such as Belgium, Bulgaria, the Netherlands and Turkey[10] – require that a civil ceremony take place before any religious one. In some countries – notably the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Norway and Spain – both ceremonies can be held together; the officiant at the religious and civil ceremony also serving as agent of the state to perform the civil ceremony. To avoid any implication that the state is "recognizing" a religious marriage (which is prohibited in some countries) – the "civil" ceremony is said to be taking place at the same time as the religious ceremony. Often this involves simply signing a register during the religious ceremony. If the civil element of the religious ceremony is omitted, the marriage is not recognised by government under the law.
While some countries, such as Australia, permit marriages to be held in private and at any location, others, including England and Wales, require that the civil ceremony be conducted in a place open to the public and specially sanctioned by law. In England, the place of marriage need no longer be a church or registry office, but could also be a hotel, historic building or other venue that has obtained the necessary licence. An exception can be made in the case of marriage by special emergency license, which is normally granted only when one of the parties is terminally ill. Rules about where and when persons can marry vary from place to place. Some regulations require that one of the parties reside in the locality of the registry office.
Despite a marriage ceremony being conducted by a religious or civil official, most religious traditions maintain that the marriage itself is the act of the individuals themselves, either as a form of contract or as an exchange of vows, with the guests acting as witnesses.[citation needed]
Within the parameters set by the law of the jurisdiction in which a marriage or wedding takes place, each religious authority has rules for the manner in which weddings are to be conducted by their officials and members.
History
The way in which a marriage is conducted has changed over time, as has the institution itself. Although the institution of marriage pre-dates reliable recorded history, many cultures have legends or religious beliefs concerning the origins of marriage.[11]
European marriages
No specific civil ceremony was required for the creation of a marriage among the Greeks and Romans; only mutual agreement and the fact that the couple must regard each other as husband and wife accordingly.[citation needed] In Ancient Greece, men usually married when they were in their 30s.[citation needed] They expected their wives to be in their early teens.[citation needed] This age-structured relationship was also prevalent in same-sex relationships among the Ancient Greeks.[citation needed] Married Greek women had few rights in ancient Greek society and were expected to take care of the house and children.[citation needed] There was not as much emphasis on age disparity among the Romans in marriage.[citation needed] The husband was often older than the bride; he might be only two years older but sometimes could be as much as three times her age.[citation needed] Unlike Greek brides, Roman brides had many more rights, especially during the Roman Empire.[citation needed] There were two types of marriages in Roman society. The traditional form was called conventio in manum. In this type of marriage, a woman lost her family rights of inheritance of her old family and gained them with her new one. She now was subject to the authority of her husband.[citation needed]
Alternatively there was the free marriage known as sine manu. In this arrangement, the wife remained a member of her original family; she stayed under the authority of her father, kept her family rights of inheritance with her old family and didn't gain any with the new family. This marriage could simply be annulled by the separation of the couple.[citation needed]
The first recorded use of the word "marriage" for the union of same-sex couples also occurs during the Roman Empire. The term, however, was rarely associated with same-sex relationships, even though the relationships themselves were common.[12] In the year 342, the Christian emperors Constantius and Constans declared that same-sex marriage to be illegal.[13] In the year 390, the Christian emperors Valentinian II, Theodoisus and Arcadius declared homosexual sex to be illegal and those who were guilty of it were condemned to be burned alive in front of the public.[14]
From the early Christian era, marriage was thought of as primarily a private matter, with no religious or other ceremony being required.[citation needed] Prior to 1545, Christian marriages in Europe were by mutual consent, declaration of intention to marry and upon the subsequent physical union of the parties.[citation needed] The couple would promise verbally to each other that they would be married to each other; the presence of a priest or witnesses was not required. This promise was known as the "verbum." If made in the present tense (e.g., "I marry you"), it was unquestionably binding; if made in the future tense ("I will marry you"), it would constitute a betrothal. But if the couple proceeded to have sexual relations, the union was a marriage.[citation needed] One of the functions of churches from the Middle Ages was to register marriages, which was not obligatory. There was no state involvement in marriage and personal status, with these issues being adjudicated in ecclesiastical courts.
In the 1200s in England it was unlawful for a woman younger than 24 years to marry, but this changed, beginning in the 1500s, to 20 years of age.[15] With the average age of marriage in the late thirteenth into the fifteenth century being around 25 years of age.[16]
It was only after the Council of Trent in 1545, as part of the Counter-Reformation, that a Roman Catholic marriage would be recognized only if the marriage ceremony was officiated by a priest with two witnesses. The Council also authorized a Catechism, issued in 1566, which defined marriage as, "The conjugal union of man and woman, contracted between two qualified persons, which obliges them to live together throughout life."[17]
This change did not extend to the regions affected by the Protestant Reformation[18], where marriage by consent continued to be the norm. As part of the Reformation, the role of recording marriages and setting the rules for marriage passed to the state; by the 1600s many of the Protestant European countries had a state involvement in marriage.
State recognition
In the early modern period, John Calvin and his Protestant colleagues reformulated Christian marriage by enacting the Marriage Ordinance of Geneva, which imposed "The dual requirements of state registration and church consecration to constitute marriage"[19] for recognition. That was the first state involvement in marriage.[citation needed]
In England and Wales, Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act 1753 required a formal ceremony of marriage, thereby curtailing the practice of Fleet Marriage.[20] These were clandestine or irregular marriages performed at Fleet Prison, and at hundreds of other places. From the 1690s until the Marriage Act of 1753 as many as 300,000 clandestine marriages were performed at Fleet Prison alone.[21] The Act required a marriage ceremony to be officiated by an Anglican priest in the Anglican Church with two witnesses and registration. The Act did not apply to Jewish marriages or those of Quakers, whose marriages continued to be governed by their own customs.
In England and Wales, since 1837, civil marriages have been recognised as a legal alternative to church marriages under the Marriage Act 1836. In Germany, civil marriages were recognised in 1875. This law permitted a declaration of the marriage before an official clerk of the civil administration, when both spouses affirm their will to marry, to constitute a legally recognised valid and effective marriage, and allowed an optional private clerical marriage ceremony.
In many jurisdictions, a civil marriage may take place as part of the religious marriage ceremony, although they are theoretically distinct. In most American states, a wedding may be officiated by a priest, minister, rabbi or other religious authority, and in such a case the religious authority also acts as an agent of the state. In some countries, such as France, Spain, Germany, Turkey, Argentina, Japan and Russia, it is necessary to be married by government authority separately from (usually before) any religious ceremony, with the state ceremony being the legally binding one. Some jurisdictions allow civil marriages in circumstances which are notably not allowed by particular religions, such as same-sex marriages or civil unions.
Marriage relationships may also be created by the operation of the law alone, as in common-law marriage, sometimes called "marriage by habit and repute." This is a judicial recognition that two people who have been living as domestic partners are subject to the rights and obligations of a legal marriage, even without formally marrying. However, in the UK at least, common-law marriage has been abolished and there are no rights available unless a couple marries or enters into a civil partnership.
Lack of recognition
The status in the eyes of one authority may not be the same as for another, e.g., a marriage may be recognised civilly, but not by a church, and vice versa. Normally a marriage entered into in one country will be recognised in other countries. Sometimes, however, a religious ceremony or a marriage entered into in one country is not recognized by another. (See Marriage (conflict).)
In some cases couples living together do not wish to be recognised as married, such as when pension or alimony rights are adversely affected, or because of taxation consideration, or because of immigration issues, and for many other reasons.
Rights and obligations
A Ketubah in Aramaic, a Jewish marriage-contract outlining the duties of each partner.See also: Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States
A marriage, by definition, bestows rights and obligations on the married parties, and sometimes on relatives as well, being the sole mechanism for the creation of affinal ties (in-laws). These may include:
giving a husband/wife or his/her family control over a spouse’s sexual services, labor, and property.
giving a husband/wife responsibility for a spouse’s debts.
giving a husband/wife visitation rights when his/her spouse is incarcerated or hospitalized.
giving a husband/wife control over his/her spouse’s affairs when the spouse is incapacitated.
establishing the second legal guardian of a parent’s child.
establishing a joint fund of property for the benefit of children.
establishing a relationship between the families of the spouses.
These rights and obligations vary considerably between societies, and between groups within society.[22]
Cohabitation
See also: cohabitation
Marriage is an institution which can join together people's lives in a variety of emotional and economic ways. In many Western cultures, marriage usually leads to the formation of a new household comprising the married couple, with the married couple living together in the same home, often sharing the same bed, but in some other cultures this is not the tradition.[23] Among the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, residency after marriage is matrilocal, with the husband moving into the household of his wife's mother.[24] Residency after marriage can also be patrilocal or avunculocal. Also, in southwestern China, walking marriages, in which the husband and wife do not live together, have been a traditional part of the Mosuo culture.[25] Walking marriages have also been increasingly common in modern Beijing. Guo Jianmei, director of the center for women's studies at Beijing University, told a Newsday correspondent, "Walking marriages reflect sweeping changes in Chinese society."[26] A similar arrangement in Saudi Arabia, called misyar marriage, also involves the husband and wife living separately but meeting regularly.[27]
Conversely, marriage is not a prerequisite for cohabitation. In some cases couples living together do not wish to be recognised as married, such as when pension or alimony rights are adversely affected, or because of taxation consideration, or because of immigration issues, and for many other reasons.
In some cases cohabitation may constitute a common-law marriage, and in some countries the laws recognise cohabitation in preference to the formality of marriage for taxation and social security benefits. This is the case, for example, in Australia.[28]
Sex and procreation
Marriage typically requires consummation by sexual intercourse, and non-consummation (that is, failure or refusal to engage in sex) may be grounds for an annulment.[29]
There are some married couples who remain childless either by choice or due to infertility or other factors preventing conception or bearing of children. In some cultures, marriage imposes an obligation on women to bear children. In northern Ghana, for example, payment of bridewealth signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, and women using birth control face substantial threats of physical abuse and reprisals.[30]
On the other hand, marriage is not a prerequisite for having children, and having children outside of marriage is today not as uncommon as it used to be. In the United States, the National Center for Health Statistics reported that in 1992, 30.1 percent of births were to unmarried women.[31][32] In 2006, that number had risen to 38.5 percent.[33] Until recently, children born outside of marriage were termed illegitimate and suffered legal disadvantages and social stigma. In recent years the legal relevance of illegitimacy has declined and social acceptance increased, especially in western countries.
Many of the world's major religions look with disfavor on sexual relations outside of marriage.[34] Some teach that sexual relations without marriage are fornication, which is sometimes also socially discouraged or even criminalized.[citation needed] Sexual relations by a married person with someone other than his/her spouse is normally called adultery, and is also frequently disapproved by the major world religions (some calling it a sin), and has often been - in some jurisdictions continues to be - a crime and grounds for divorce. (See adultery.)
Marriage restrictions
See also: marriage law
Marriage age
Main article: marriageable age
The minimum age at which a person is able to lawfully marry, and if parental or other consents are required, vary from country to country.
Gender restrictions
Main articles: same-sex marriage and same-sex unions
Main article: dowry
Some legal, social, or religious restrictions apply in some countries on the genders of the couple.
In response to changing social and political attitudes, some jurisdictions and religious denominations now recognize marriages between people of the same sex. In some jurisdictions these are sometimes called civil unions or domestic partnerships, while some others explicitly prohibit same-sex marriages.
In 1989, Denmark became the first country in the modern era to extend the rights and responsibilities of marriage to same-sex couples under the name of registered partnership[citation needed]. Since 2001, five countries have come to recognise same-sex marriages for civil purposes, namely the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, and South Africa[citation needed], and Norway is on track to become the sixth in 2009. To avoid the use of the term "marriage", some governments provide civil unions, which are open to couples of the same sex, and in some jurisdictions also to those of opposite sexes who do not want to marry, to confer all or a portion of the benefits of married status[citation needed]. Civil unions (and registered/domestic partnerships) are currently recognized and accepted in approximately 30 out of 193 countries worldwide and in some U.S. states[citation needed]. However, in countries where it has been adopted, applications for marriage licenses have far exceeded governmental estimates of demand.[35] Some jurisdictions, such as the nations of Israel, Aruba, and the Netherlands Antilles, as well as the U.S. States of New Mexico, New York and Rhode Island, recognize same-sex marriages lawfully entered into in other countries, while not (yet) permitting them to be performed locally.[citation needed]
In addition to civil authorities, some religious denominations ceremonially perform civil unions and same-sex marriages, and recognize them as essentially equivalent to other marriages. For example, Lutheran churches in Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and some Lutheran churches of the Evangelical Church in Germany allow blessing ceremonies for same-sex couples, as do Unitarian Universalist churches.[citation needed]
In the United States, Massachusetts and California are the only states to recognize same-sex marriage under the name marriage. (In Iowa, a district court that struck down the state's Defense of Marriage Act issued a stay on the ruling the next day, only one same sex couple has been married under Iowa law[36], and the ruling will be considered by the highest court in Iowa, with arguments to be heard beginning on December 9, 2008.) The Supreme Court of Connecticut has also ruled that restriction of marriage to heterosexuals is illegal under the state constitution, and gay marriages will begin in Connecticut at a date to be determined.[37] However, California is now considering Proposition 8, which would amend the state constitution and revoke the right of same-sex couples to marry. In 9 other U.S. regions, including Vermont, Maine, New Jersey, and the District of Columbia, civil unions or domestic partnerships are available to couples of the same sex, often carrying the same entailments as marriage, under a different name. However, these apply only to benefits under state law, and are not recognized by other states (with a few exceptions) or the U.S. federal government.
In Australia, de facto relationships are legally recognized in many, but not all, ways,[38][39] with some states having registers of de facto relationships, although the federal government has amended existing legislation to specify that only marriages between a man and a woman will be recognized as 'marriages'.[40]. As a result, the Australian Capital Territory's 2006 Bill to give civil unions identical status and processes as registered marriages, was repealed by the federal government before it came into effect.
These developments have created a political and religious reaction in some countries, including in England, where the Church of England, after long debate, officially banned blessings of gay couples by Church of England clergy,[41] and in the United States. In contrast to the three above-mentioned U.S. states where the state constitutions have been found by courts to require equivalent marriage for same-sex couples, several states have specifically defined marriage as between a man and a woman, often after popular referenda, including the state of Mississippi which passed a constitutional amendment defining marriage as between a man and a woman and refusing to recognize same-sex marriages from other states with 86% of the vote supporting that proposition.[2]PDF (29.9 KiB) Federally, the U.S. congress has considered, but failed to pass, a Federal Marriage Amendment. In addition, while Lutheran churches in some countries allow blessing ceremonies for same-sex couples, as stated previously, in other countries, (such as Finland) such ceremonies are discouraged and rarely performed by the church.[citation needed]
Kinship restrictions
Main article: Prohibited degree of kinship
Societies have often placed restrictions on marriage to relatives, though the degree of prohibited relationship varies widely. In most societies, marriage between brothers and sisters has been forbidden, with ancient Egyptian, Hawaiian, and Inca royalty being prominent exceptions. In many societies, marriage between first cousins is preferred, while at the other extreme, the medieval Catholic Church prohibited marriage even between distant cousins.
In the United Kingdom, the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907 removed the previous prohibition of a man marrying the sister of his deceased wife.
All mainstream religions prohibit some marriages on the basis of the consanguinity (lineal descent) and affinity (kinship by marriage) of the prospective marriage partners, though the standards vary.
Polygamy
Main article: polygamy
See also: Forms of nonmonogamy
Polygamous marriage, in which a person is married to more than one spouse at one time, is illegal in many countries, but accepted by other societies, though it is far less common than monogamy.[3]
Africa has the highest rate of polygamy in the world.[42] In Senegal, for example, nearly 47 percent of marriages are multiple.[43] Polygamy is normally not permitted in most western countries (see bigamy), though some recognise bona fides polygamous marriages entered into in countries that routinely perform such marriages, such as in a Muslim country.
Cultures that allow polygamy still sometimes place restrictions on it. For instance, in Islam a man is allowed to marry up to 4 women at the same time, but only in cases where (1) his first wife is infertile, (2) the local population is unbalanced with women strongly outnumbering men, or (3) he claims a strong love and sexual attraction for the potential wife which he says makes him fear of adultery. In each of these situations, all current wives are freed to leave the marriage if they so desire.
Polygyny (one husband with multiple wives) is the typical form of multiple-marriage polygamy, while polyandry (one wife with multiple husbands) is rare.[44] Anthropologists distinguish between multiple-marriage polygamy and group marriage, in which multiple spouses all become married to one another. Group marriage is also rare.[3] In the United States, the historic Oneida Colony provides a prominent 19th-century example of a group marriage, though it was not recognised by any civil or separate religious authority.
Social restrictions
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Many societies, even some with a cultural tradition of polygamy, recognize monogamy as the only valid form of marriage. For example, People's Republic of China shifted from allowing polygamy to supporting only monogamy in the Marriage Act of 1953 after the Communist revolution.[citation needed] Polygamy is practiced illegally by some groups in the United States and Canada, primarily by certain Mormon fundamentalist sects that separated from the mainstream Latter Day Saints movement after the practice was renounced in 1890.[45] Many African and Islamic societies still allow polygamy.[citation needed]
In the Indian Hindu community, especially in the Brahmin caste, marrying a person of the same gotra was prohibited, since persons belonging to the same gotra are said to have identical patrilineal descent. In ancient India, when gurukuls existed, the shishyas (pupils) were advised against marrying any of guru's children, as shishyas were also considered the guru's children and it would be considered marriage among siblings. However, there were exceptions, including Arjuna's son Abhimanyu's marriage to Uttra, the dance student of Arjuna in Mahabharata. The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 brought reforms in the area of same-gotra marriages, which were banned prior to the act's passage. Now the Indian constitution allows any consenting adult heterosexual couple (women 18 or older and men 21 or older) from any race, religion, caste, or creed to marry.
Many societies have also adopted other restrictions on whom one can marry, such as prohibitions of marrying persons with the same surname, or persons with the same sacred animal. Anthropologists refer to these sorts of restrictions as exogamy. One example is South Korea's general taboo against a man marrying a woman with the same family name. The most common surname in South Korea is Kim (almost 20%); however, there are several branches (or clans) in the Kim surname. (Korean family names are divided into one or more clans.) Only intra-clan marriages are prohibited, as they are considered one type of exogamy. Thus, many "Kim-Kim" couples can be found.[citation needed]
Societies have also at times required marriage from within a certain group. Anthropologists refer to these restrictions as endogamy. An example of such restrictions would be a requirement to marry someone from the same tribe. Racist laws adopted by some societies in the past—such as Nazi-era Germany, apartheid-era South Africa and most of the United States in the nineteenth and the first half of the 20th century—which prohibited marriage between persons of different races could also be considered examples of endogamy. In the U.S., many laws banning interracial marriage, which were state laws, were gradually repealed between 1948 and 1967. The U.S. Supreme Court declared all such laws unconstitutional in the case of Loving v. Virginia in 1967.[46]
Marriage and religion
See also: Christian views of marriage, Islamic marital jurisprudence, Buddhist view of marriage, Marriage in Hinduism, and Jewish views of marriage
Christian wedding in Kyoto, Japan.
A Jewish wedding, painting by Jozef Israëls, 1903.All mainstream religions have strong views relating to marriage. Most religions perform a wedding ceremony to solemnize the beginning of a marriage. Some regard marriage as simply a contract, while others regard it as a sacred institution.
Most Christian churches bless the couple being married, and the wedding ceremony sometimes involves a pledge by the community to support the couple's relationship.[citation needed] Liturgical Christian communions - notably Anglicanism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy - consider marriage (sometimes termed holy matrimony) to be an expression of divine grace, termed a sacrament or mystery. In Western ritual, the ministers of the sacrament are the husband and wife themselves, with a bishop, priest, or deacon merely witnessing the union on behalf of the church, and adding a blessing. In Eastern ritual churches, the bishop or priest functions as the actual minister of the Sacred Mystery (Eastern Orthodox deacons may not perform marriages). Western Christians commonly refer to marriage a vocation, while Eastern Christians consider it an ordination and a martyrdom, though the theological emphases indicated by the various names are not excluded by the teachings of either tradition. Marriage is commonly celebrated in the context of a Eucharistic service (a nuptial Mass or Divine Liturgy). The sacrament of marriage is indicative of the relationship between Christ and the Church (Ephesians 5:29-32), yet most Reformed Christians would deny the elevation of marriage to the status of a sacrament, nevertheless it is considered a covenant between spouses before God. (cf. Ephesians 5:31-33)
In Judaism, marriage is viewed as a contractual bond commanded by God in which a man and a woman come together to create a relationship in which God is directly involved.[47] Though procreation is not the sole purpose, a Jewish marriage is also expected to fulfill the commandment to have children.[48] The main focus centers around the relationship between the husband and wife. Kabbalistically, marriage is understood to mean that the husband and wife are merging together into a single soul. This is why a man is considered "incomplete" if he is not married, as his soul is only one part of a larger whole that remains to be unified.[49] See Jewish views of marriage.
A Muslim couple being wed alongside the Tungabhadra River at Hampi, India.
Hindu marriage ceremony from a Rajput wedding.Islam also commends marriage, with the age of marriage being whenever the individuals feel ready, financially and emotionally, for marriage. According to Shia Islam marriage doesn't require any witness or official statement or presence in a definite place.[50] To create a religious contract between them, it is sufficient that a man and a woman indicate an intention to marry each other and recite the requisite words.[51][52] A couple can live with each other as a family without an official contract. Of course there are some criteria which should be observed; for example, the woman should be single.[53][54]
In the Bahá'í Faith marriage is encouraged and viewed as a mutually strengthening bond, but is not obligatory. A Bahá'í marriage requires the couple to choose each other, and then the consent of all living parents.[55]
Hinduism sees marriage as a sacred duty that entails both religious and social obligations. Old Hindu literature in Sanskrit gives many different types of marriages and their categorization ranging from "Gandharva Vivaha" (instant marriage by mutual consent of participants only, without any need for even a single third person as witness) to normal (present day) marriages, to "Rakshasa Vivaha" (marriage performed by abduction of one participant by the other participant, usually, but not always, with the help of other persons).
For the most part, religious traditions in the world reserve marriage to heterosexual unions, but there are exceptions including Unitarian Universalist, Metropolitan Community Church, and Quaker, United Church of Canada and Reform Jewish congregations.[56][57]
Financial considerations
The financial aspects of marriage vary between cultures and have changed over time.
Dowry
In many cultures the family of the bride was historically expected to provide a dowry to the husband.[citation needed] A dowry was not an unconditional gift, but was usually a part of a wider marriage settlement. For example, if the groom had other children, they could not inherit the dowry, which had to go to the bride's children. In the event of her childlessness, the dowry had to be returned to her family, but sometimes not until the groom's death or remarriage. Often the bride was entitled to inherit at least as much as her dowry from her husband's estate.[citation needed]
In some cultures, dowries continue to be required today, while some countries impose restrictions on the payment of dowry.
Bride price and dower
In other cultures, the groom or his family were expected to pay a bride price to the bride's family for the right to marry the daughter, or dower, which was payable to the bride. If the groom or his family did not have the bride price to offer to the bride's family, sometimes a bride service may be accepted in its place.[citation needed] This required the groom to work for the bride's family for a set period of time.
In the Jewish tradition, the rabbis in ancient times insisted on the marriage couple entering into a marriage contact, called a ketubah. Besides other things, the ketubah provided for an amount to be paid by the husband in the event of a divorce or his estate in the event of his death. This amount was a replacement of the biblical dower or bride price, which was payable at the time of the marriage by the groom to the bride or her parents.[citation needed][58] This innovation was put in place because the biblical bride price created a major social problem: many young prospective husbands could not raise the bride price at the time when they would normally be expected to marry. So, to enable these young men to marry, the rabbis, in effect, delayed the time that the amount would be payable, when they would be more likely to have the sum. It may also be noted that both the dower and the ketubah amounts served the same purpose: the protection for the wife should her support cease, either by death or divorce. The only difference between the two systems was the timing of the payment. It is the predecessor to the wife's present-day entitlement to maintenance in the event of the breakup of marriage, and family maintenance in the event of the husband not providing adequately for the wife in his will. Another function performed by the ketubah amount was to provide a disincentive for the husband contemplating divorcing his wife: he would need to have the amount to be able to pay to the wife.
Morning gifts, which might also be arranged by the bride's father rather than the bride, are given to the bride herself; the name derives from the Germanic tribal custom of giving them the morning after the wedding night. She might have control of this morning gift during the lifetime of her husband, but is entitled to it when widowed. If the amount of her inheritance is settled by law rather than agreement, it may be called dower. Depending on legal systems and the exact arrangement, she may not be entitled to dispose of it after her death, and may lose the property if she remarries. Morning gifts were preserved for many centuries in morganatic marriage, a union where the wife's inferior social status was held to prohibit her children from inheriting a noble's titles or estates. In this case, the morning gift would support the wife and children. Another legal provision for widowhood was jointure, in which property, often land, would be held in joint tenancy, so that it would automatically go to the widow on her husband's death. Islamic tradition has similar practices. A 'mahr', either immediate or deferred, is the woman's portion of the groom's wealth (divorce) or estate (death). These amounts are usually set based on the groom's own and family wealth and incomes, but in some parts these are set very high so as to provide a disincentive for the groom exercising the divorce, or the husband's family 'inheriting' a large portion of the estate, especially if there are no male offspring from the marriage. In some countries, including Iran, the mahr or alimony can amount to more than a man can ever hope to earn, sometimes up to US$ 1000,000 (4000 official Iranian gold coins). If the husband cannot pay the mahr, either in case of a divorce or on demand, according to the current laws in Iran, he will have to pay it by installments. Failure to pay the mahr might even lead to imprisonment.[59]
General
In some cultures, dowries and bride prices continue to be required today. In both cases, the financial arrangements are usually made between the groom (or his family) and the bride's family; with the bride in many cases not being involved in the arrangement, and often not having a choice in whether to participate in the marriage.
In Early Modern Britain, the social status of the couple was supposed to be equal. After the marriage, all the property (called "fortune") and expected inheritances of the wife belonged to the husband. The wife was often called "his property", but she was entitled to his protection, which a single woman was not.[citation needed]
Modern customs
In many countries today, each marriage partner has the choice of keeping his or her property separate or combining properties. In the latter case, called community property, when the marriage ends by divorce each owns half; if one partner dies the surviving partner owns half and inheritance rules apply to the other half.[citation needed] In many legal jurisdictions, laws related to property and inheritance provide by default for property to pass upon the death of one party in a marriage firstly to the spouse and secondly to the children. Wills and trusts can make alternative provisions for property succession.
In some legal systems, the partners in a marriage are "jointly liable" for the debts of the marriage. This has a basis in a traditional legal notion called the "Doctrine of Necessities" whereby a husband was responsible to provide necessary things for his wife. Where this is the case, one partner may be sued to collect a debt for which they did not expressly contract. Critics of this practice note that debt collection agencies can abuse this by claiming an unreasonably wide range of debts to be expenses of the marriage. The cost of defence and the burden of proof is then placed on the non-contracting party to prove that the expense is not a debt of the family. The respective maintenance obligations, both during and eventually after a marriage, are regulated in most jurisdictions; alimony is one such method.
Some have attempted to analyse the institution of marriage using economic theory; for example, anarcho-capitalist economist David Friedman has written a lengthy and controversial study of marriage as a market transaction (the market for husbands and wives).[60]
Taxation
Most countries use progressive taxes, in which the tax rate is higher for a taxpayer with a higher income.[citation needed] In some of these countries, spouses are allowed to average their incomes; this is advantageous to a married couple with disparate incomes. To compensate for this somewhat, many countries provide a higher tax bracket for the averaged income of a married couple. While income averaging might still benefit a married couple with a stay-at-home spouse, such averaging would cause a married couple with roughly equal personal incomes to pay more total tax than they would as two single persons. This is commonly called the marriage penalty.
Moreover, when the rates applied by the tax code are not based on averaging the incomes, but rather on the sum of individuals' incomes, higher rates will definitely apply to each individual in a two-earner households in progressive tax systems. This is most often the case with high-income taxpayers and is another situation where some consider there to be a marriage penalty.
Conversely, when progressive tax is levied on the individual with no consideration for the partnership, dual-income couples fare much better than single-income couples with similar household incomes. The effect can be increased when the welfare system treats the same income as a shared income thereby denying welfare access to the non-earning spouse. Such systems apply in Australia and Canada, for example.
Other considerations
Sometimes people marry for purely pragmatic reasons, sometimes called a marriage of convenience or sham marriage. For example, according to one publisher of information about "green card" marriages, "Every year over 450,000 United States citizens marry foreign-born individuals and petition for them to obtain a permanent residency (Green Card) in the United States."[61] While this is likely an over-estimate, in 2003 alone 184,741 immigrants were admitted to the U.S. as spouses of U.S. citizens.[62]
Termination
In most societies, the death of one of the partners terminates the marriage, and in monogamous societies this allows the other partner to remarry, though sometimes after a waiting or mourning period.
Many societies also provide for the termination of marriage through divorce. Marriages can also be annulled in some societies, where an authority declares that a marriage never happened. In either event the people concerned are free to remarry (or marry). After divorce, one spouse may have to pay alimony.
Several cultures have practiced temporary and conditional marriages. Examples include the Celtic practice of handfasting and fixed-term marriages in the Muslim community. Pre-Islamic Arabs practiced a form of temporary marriage that carries on today in the practice of Nikah Mut'ah, a fixed-term marriage contract. Muslim controversies related to Nikah Mut'ah have resulted in the practice being confined mostly to Shi'ite communities.
Contemporary views on marriage
Criticisms
Main article: Criticism of marriage
Many people have proposed arguments against marriage for various reasons. These include political and religious criticisms, pragmatic reference to the divorce rate, as well as celibacy for religious or philosophical reasons.
Controversial views
Some views about marriage are controversial. Advocates of same-sex rights criticize the exclusion of homosexual relationships from legal and social recognition and the rights and obligations it provides. At the same time advocates of the traditional marriage movement oppose any attempt to define marriage to include anything other than the union of one man and one woman, claiming that to do so would "deprive the term of its fundamental and defining meaning."[63]
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We are drawn to people who smile. There is an attraction factor. We want to know a smiling person and figure out what is so good. Frowns, scowls and grimaces all push people away -- but a smile draws them in.
2. Smiling Changes Our Mood
Next time you are feeling down, try putting on a smile. There's a good chance you mood will change for the better. Smiling can trick the body into helping you change your mood.
3. Smiling is Contagious
When someone is smiling they lighten up the room, change the moods of others, and make things happier. A smiling person brings happiness with them. Smile lots and you will draw people to you.
4. Smiling Relieves Stress
Stress can really show up in our faces. Smiling helps to prevent us from looking tired, worn down, and overwhelmed. When you are stressed, take time to put on a smile. The stress should be reduced and you'll be better able to take action.
5. Smiling Boosts Your Immune System
Smiling helps the immune system to work better. When you smile, immune function improves possibly because you are more relaxed. Prevent the flu and colds by smiling.
6. Smiling Lowers Your Blood Pressure
When you smile, there is a measurable reduction in your blood pressure. Give it a try if you have a blood pressure monitor at home. Sit for a few minutes, take a reading. Then smile for a minute and take another reading while still smiling. Do you notice a difference?
7. Smiling Releases Endorphins,Natural Pain Killers and Serotonin
Studies have shown that smiling releases endorphins, natural pain killers, and serotonin. Together these three make us feel good. Smiling is a natural drug.
8. Smiling Lifts the Face and Makes You Look Younger
The muscles we use to smile lift the face, making a person appear younger. Don't go for a face lift, just try smiling your way through the day -- you'll look younger and feel better.
9. Smiling Makes You Seem Successful
Smiling people appear more confident, are more likely to be promoted, and more likely to be approached. Put on a smile at meetings and appointments and people will react to you differently.
10. Smiling Helps You Stay Positive
Try this test: Smile. Now try to think of something negative without losing the smile. It's hard. When we smile our body is sending the rest of us a message that "Life is Good!" Stay away from depression, stress and worry by smiling.
More Fun Ways to Live Longer
THE MELAMINE ISSUES
The melamine issue, though not dominating news headlines any more, is far from over. Chinese baby formula tainted with the toxic substance is really the tip of the iceberg.
Of late, we have read of other food categories that were also contaminated, including vegetables, fruits and other types of candies or snacks, affecting no less than 40 countries.
Though there have been many test results claiming that certain food brands are safe for consumption, there are still many others that could be on the "suspect" list.
As melamine is also widely used in manufacturing plastics, paint, adhesives and food packages, data suggests that melamine might enter food through natural surroundings and food packages.
This, therefore, adds to the difficulty of ensuring complete safety of food products.
Another facet of the problem is where to draw the line, especially for products that are imported from China and then repacked locally. Worse, when they are then re-exported to a third country under different labels.
To the consumers, these may appear as local products when in fact they are not. Adding to this is, of course, the ambiguous interpretations of the safety limits of melamine, if there is such a thing.
Some concede that a small amount of melamine might be found in food and that it would be "unreasonable" to suggest zero-melamine in food.
This is, however, not to say that melamine is entirely safe! The so-called limits were devised purely for purposes of comparison to avoid purposeful adulteration and contamination. That is why many health authorities in fact banned the substance in food products.
After all, in general, melamine has no approved use in human or animal food. In the body, it will combine with other chemicals in the body to form crystals that could damage the kidneys, and this could prove fatal. Other problems include bladder and reproductive organ damage.
Some activists have even claimed that they don't think anyone knows what the "acceptable" dangerous levels of melamine actually are.
More importantly, the incident has raised the question of food security in many countries where the effectiveness of monitoring is a cause of concern.
This is especially so when it involves imported foods which may pose many potential dangers.
Here, even the FDA is not spared. What is more, where there is not only a lack of regulations and standards, there are also problems of having qualified laboratory personnel to provide the required level of expertise and confidence to ensure food safety.
More often, it is chance rather than systematic and strategic monitoring that leads to the discovery of such tainting of food on a large scale.
For countries largely dependent on imported food, the question of food security has become even more serious, as the current event seems to show.
Imagine how national sovereignty and security can be totally jeopardised if imported food is deliberately poisoned, made worse by a lethargic monitoring system.
Because of such problems, we must ensure the move to be self-sufficient in food is not allowed to fail as it could be a threat to the entire nation.
. LOVING TEACHER
Young adults need a guide who is emotionally and mentally equipped to care for them and to demand from them. They need a model for how they should be, a healthy adult to guide them into healthy adulthood. Bell Hooks (2000) emphasizes that "teachers must be actively committed to a process of self-actualization that promotes their own well-being if they are to teach in a manner that empowers students". I interpret her statement to mean that truly liberating education must include an effort on the part of the teacher to approach students as more than mere vessels to be filled with information, but as whole people to be raised. To do this a teacher must first know and respect her self.
To ensure my own "self-actualization" I worked on nurturing my teacher-self but also my other selves. I put some distance between my teaching and the other parts of my life, and the results paid off in the classroom. I pursued writing and reading for pleasure; I began to pick up my household chores again; I spent time with my loved ones; took walks; watched television; treated myself to ice cream on rough days; made sure to get enough sleep; ate three square meals a day. As a result, I began to feel energized by my other selves, and that energy manifested itself in my classroom. For example, I incorporated my sense of humor more into my direct instruction. I drew on my wide knowledge of pop culture, integrating that knowledge into my content to make it more relevant to students. Ultimately, I learned that I am a teacher but I am also a complete person, and if I want my students to bring their personhoods into my room, I have to do so myself. A classroom is more than just a place of business; it is a place for persons to encounter other persons, and to learn from those encounters.
Learning to keep myself healthy and well-rounded enabled me to focus on my greatest priority: to take care of my students, mentally and personally. The result of my self-care was powerful, as I realized during my full-time student teaching that I was enjoying my work! I began to delight in the students, in their work, in the funny things they said every day, in their wonderful minds, and in the part I got to play in their development.
Think with the head and act with the ’heart’
WHILE the situation in a neighbouring country is deteriorating, Malaysians must be vigilant and ensure that our country doesn’t suffer the same fate. There are lessons to be learnt from what is happening there. Already, the common people here are facing challenges to make ends meet. Any disturbances will exacerbate the situation and it must be avoided at all cost.
Sectarian and individual ambitions should not take preference over society’s well-being as this could create even more anxieties and, God forbid, may even lead to violence.
We have just celebrated our 51st Merdeka in peace. And there was the impressive muhibah gathering attended by more than 300 leaders from various communities, with our prime minister officiating.
The use of the word muhibah, which was once given prominence during the days of the earlier prime ministers, has now almost gone into oblivion. Muhibah was often associated with durian parties then.
Muhibah must be closely linked to matters of the heart, the innate seed of human dignity and oneness.
It is often the heart that decides in transcending all barriers that divide fellow human beings.
For example, shallow socio-political expediencies have broken many a heart as family ties are destroyed. If this can happen to families, where the heart binds more strongly, we cannot imagine what it will do to a fragmented nation of “strangers".
We can fairly predict that political and ideological divisiveness can only cause further division as a result of hypocritical calls for unity among Malaysians, more fashionably calling for a “bangsa Malaysia".
At this juncture, it is apt to share the profound saying of Prophet Muhammad alluding to the importance of an “organ” which, if good, permeates throughout the person and similarly if it is bad.
That organ is the heart, metaphorically speaking. Hence the common description of the “good-hearted” or “cold-hearted". The saying goes, think with the head and act with the heart.
In times when the quest for “truth” is riddled with uncertainties, the heart often acts as the compass to bring us nearer the “truth", something that only the person and God can ascertain.
In Malay culture, there is a great reliance on “mata hati", loosely translated as the “heart’s eye” as in the “mind’s eye".
This, however, can only be discernible in those who care to tend to their hearts. If we have little time for this, not only literally speaking but more so metaphorically, we can be carried away by acts intended to divide.
This may skew the purpose of “blogging” as bluffing, lying and obscene gossiping, without any qualms or dignity.
Let us be reminded that the present “division” plaguing the neighbouring country involves a singular group of people predominantly sharing the same faith, belief, culture and values. It is their politics, in the name of “democracy", that is tearing them asunder.
So let us not be too quick to blame everything on “religion” and “faith".
In another country, thousands of monks launched a massive protest against their leaders for allegedly “suppressing” their religion.
All these must alert us to how much more sensitive we must be in articulating and navigating our political and democratic aspirations.
This is especially so for those who have hidden agendas that only their hearts (and God) can tell.
Time and again, it has been demonstrated that deception in matters of the “heart” has a way of boomeranging back on those who are callous.
Lest we learn how to cleanse our hearts (read: sincere and trustworthy), we will continue to struggle in futility and pain against our own conscience.
The best way to safeguard its sanctity is by meditating and fasting, and for the Muslims it is during this Ramadan month.
A bus of the future
A bus of the future was unveiled in town yesterday.Using recycled oil palm as fuel and solar energy to operate its electrical system, the bus went on display at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in conjunction with the "1st Regional Conference on Sustainable Developement: Local Solutions For Global Problems".
That bus can travel on an environment-friendly and sustainable method.Inside the bus, there will be educational computer games and energy-efficient lighting to help increase awareness of the usage of solar energy and energy-efficient equipment.
The use of solar energy is very popular in Germany, Sweden, Denmark and Japan.
With solar energy, people could enjoy a sustainable, energy-efficient lifestyle minus the high cost.
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Nothing to stop her from fulfilling her dream
AFTER 15 years as a private art tutor for primary schoolchildren, wheelchair-bound Wong Boon Lian now hopes for a chance to experience working life outside of home.
The 35-year-old from Batu Pahat, Johor, is optimistic that her newly attained degree from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in Penang would help her secure a job elsewhere.
Wong graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Geography from the School of Humanities at the third session of USM’s 38th convocation ceremony on Friday.
“I enrolled for the distance learning course four years ago because I felt it was time for an upgrade and I wanted to improve my situation,” said Wong, whose spastic condition left both her legs and her right hand weak from birth.
She said her mother accompanied her when she had to be at the campus for three weeks each year, and they put up at the university hostel.
“I had some very helpful course mates. My family and friends were all supportive and the USM environment was friendly for students with disabilities,” she said.
Wong’s parents, lorry driver Wong Pak Yang, 63, and housewife Wan Siew Kee, 55, came with her by bus.
“We are not well educated and are very happy to see our eldest child graduate through her own efforts and determination.
“She had always been the most studious and ambitious of our three children,” said Wan, who has a younger son and daughter, both in their 30s.
Other than the convocation ceremony, the annual expo attracted a large crowd.
Among the young entrepreneurs were Biological Science students Norhayati Abu, 20, and Nurhayati Basharuddin, 19, who operated a stall selling mini muffins, chocolate cupcakes, chocolate fudge cakes and banana cakes.
Norhayati, from Pendang in Kedah, said the cakes were made by her sister Sarimah, 40.
The two girls had set up their stall in the main food area on the first day of the convocation but found that people were less likely to buy their cakes after a full meal.
“We shifted away to the snacks area and business picked up,” said Norhayati.
Stress management
Prolonged psychological stress may negatively impact health, such as by weakening the immune system. See negative effects of the fight-or-flight response. Stress management is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. Certain nootropics do both. Exercising to improve physical fitness, especially cardiovascular fitness, boosts the immune system and increases stress tolerance. Relaxation techniques are physical methods used to relieve stress. Examples include , progressive relaxation, and fractional relaxation. Psychological methods include cognitive therapy, meditation, and positive thinking which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills and abilities builds confidence, which also reduces the stress reaction to situations where those skills are applicable. Reducing uncertainty, by increasing knowledge and experience related to stress-causing situations, has the same effect. Learning to cope with problems better, such as improving problem solving and time management skills, may also reduce stressful reaction to problems. Repeatedly facing an object of one's fears may also desensitize the fight-or-flight response with respect to that stimulus -- e.g., facing bullies may reduce fear of bullies.
Hai to all,i would like to share an article named 'Exercise tips for Obesity Control' from the website:
http//:exercise.com
1) Begin warm-up exercises before you start exercising and remember to cool down when you finish. This will ensure that there is no sudden overload in the cardiovascular system. Warm-ups can avoid cramps, prevent injuries, and redistribute blood that may have pooled in the extremities during an aerobic exercise session. 10 minutes should be allocated for warm-ups and cooling down. Example of warm up exercise; walking on the spot at moderate pace.
2) Do not hold your breath during exercise. Particularly, if you are doing resistance exercise (exercises with weights), breathe continuously.
3) Dress appropriately; wear suitable sport shoes (insoles if required) and clothes that are not too tight.
4) Keep a good posture when you exercise. This will help prevent backaches.
5) Drink enough fluids before you exercise and during your exercise if required.
6) Do not continue exercising if you feel giddy, have palpitations or experience pain. Seek advice from a medical professional if necessary before you decide to continue your exercise regime.
7) In order to become fit, plan an exercise routine for 20 to 30 minutes, at least 3 days a week. Include stretching before and after you exercise. This will help avoid injuries. Remember to start slowly and listen carefully to your body's pain messages. If it hurts badly, then you have probably overdone it.
8) If you are using exercise equipments, make sure that the equipments are suitable for you. Please ensure that the height and tolerance capacity is adjusted accordingly.
9) Talk to a doctor before starting an exercise regime. A doctor will be able to advise you according to your medical condition and tolerance levels.
10. Include suitable resistance training if you want to lose weight. Strength training is good for caloric control for two reasons :-
(i) You may be able to increase the amount of lean tissue mass. With more lean issue, you'll burn more calories at rest.
(ii) After a good workout, one can burn calories over the next 1 to 24 hours.
11. It is important to ensure that your exercise program is supervised by a qualified Physiotherapist.
Thank you....
Hai, i would like to share a poem
entitled 'LOVE FOREVER' from the website:http://www.poetryamerica.com/friendship_poems.
As long as you love me
I'll stay by your side
I'll be your companion
Your friend and your guide
As long as you love me
As long as you care
I'll do anything for you
I'll go anywhere
I'll bring you the sunshine
I'll comfort you fears
I'll gather up rainbows
To chase all your tears
As long as forever
My love will be true
For as long as you love me
I'll only love you....
MY COMMENT:
LOVE....4 letter words which will combine the whole world in one hand...It will bring a sunshine in one's life..LOVE can happen between family members, friends, lovers and so on..
So friends please love others to get a true love from somebody else..THANK YOU..
A Disease That’s Difficult to Cure(TIBI)
Today i would like to share something important that also related to me that is TIBI.In other words is 'tuberculosis'.Scary right??But don't worry,i already have it since 4 moths ago.To be honest its totally hurt and hard for me at the first time i had been informed about this by my doctor but day after day i become more believe and not too scared.
This disease caused by bacteria that are resistant to nearly all the antibiotics normally used for TB.From 1993 to 2006, 49 cases of XDR TB were reported in the United States, the disease agency says. Other countries have many more cases. South Africa has had 600 new cases a year or more, and at least 28 other countries have also had cases, mostly from China, India and Russia.
Medical experts theorize that XDR developed from more common TB forms that became drug resistant because antibiotics were improperly used. The incorrect use occurs because even relatively ordinary TB is hard to treat, requiring taking several drugs for six months or more, even after symptoms disappear.
The drugs can have side effects like nausea that make people want to quit as soon as possible. But failing to finish the whole course is a recipe for breeding drug-resistant bacteria.
Healthy people can often fight off TB. Even among people who have close contact with a patient, 20 percent become infected. Of those, 5 percent to 10 percent develop active cases. In the rest, the immune system fights the bacteria, and the infection becomes dormant.
TB spreads when the bacteria become airborne, which can occur when someone with an active case coughs or sneezes or even speaks or sings. The bacteria can float in the air for hours, and people who inhale them can become infected.
Contrary to what many people think, according to the disease centers, TB is not spread by kissing or sharing toothbrushes or food or drink.
So now. i still have tibi and become the patient's tibi.I hope with all the medicine i ate,i will be a normal person back.Hope you guys will pray for my healthy.Thanks for reading my article.Hope you'll like it.
here I want to share about the importance of understanding organizational culture
When I was an MBA student, as part of a management course I had the opportunity to conduct a "culture assessment" at the organization where I was working. The organization was somewhat new to me--I had been hired as a senior manager only a year before--and the ability to quantify and analyze the organizational culture was a new concept to me.
As an employee in any type of organization can attest, organizational culture is as prevalent and as varied as individuals themselves. Organizational culture is enduring and complex, and may have both a positive and a negative effect on the staff and the workplace. In many ways culture will determine the survival of an organization over the long term, especially in volatile industries.
Cultures that can be a liability to an organization include those that create barriers to change, create barriers to diversity or barriers to mergers and acquisitions. (Stephen P. Robbins. Organizational Behavior, 8th ed., 602-603.)
Understanding the organizational culture can help you to understand why change does not take place, or why a project fails. It will also help you to determine where to strive to make changes to the culture.
As managers and library leaders, why do we need to get a sense of the prevailing organizational culture? It is essential to understand the organizational culture if you want to make changes to how work is done, what type of work is being done, or at the broadest level, to affect the organization's standing in its industry. Understanding the culture and, as required, changing it, can mean the difference between attracting and retaining good employees and driving away the best employees with an environment that doesn't encourage, challenge, or reward them.
The organizational culture assessment that I participated in didn't provide any surprises regarding the existing culture--most people with any level of sensitivity can get a sense of what type of culture is prevalent in an organization. What was surprising were the results from the survey to determine what type of culture staff would prefer to see the organization develop.
As background, the organization had just gone through a major change. The executive director had departed after 20 years; there had been a period of several months with an acting ED followed by a new, external ED appointment. The assessment took place only a month after the new ED was in position.
my experince when go to garden trip
I always remember my first glimpse of an orchid-the flower was made into a corsage that my mother wore to a party. I was mesmerized by the look and scent of this strange, exotic flower, waxy-textured, ruffled and of a hot rosy-purple. Becoming fascinated, I began to read about the faraway gardens where this type of orchid grew, and the descriptions caused me to daydream of worlds of brilliant sunshine, emerald rainforests and spicy perfumes.
These exotic visions turned into reality for me, when years later, I visited an exotic garden in Central Florida's Kissimmee region called A World of Orchids, the world's largest permanent indoor flowering orchid display. Stepping inside the conservatory, I encountered one of my dream visions come to life-here was a three-quarter acre section of tropical paradise, filled with palms, ferns, exotic bamboos, bromeliads, heliconias and tropical fruit trees. Waterfalls tumbled amid showers of lush foliage, and multitudes of blossoms shone like jewels against myriad shades of green.
The orchids, prima donnas of this world, were breathtaking in their beauty. Some dangled from hanging planters or trees, confronting visitors overhead or at eye level; others starred the feet of enormous tree ferns or created cascades along walkways. Ghostly white moth orchids (Phalaenopsis) appeared to float on spindly stems; sprays of dancing lady orchid oncidium arched and dangled, flaunting curiously speckled, golden flowers; and cattleya orchids, like the one in that long-ago remembered corsage, boasted extravagant ruffles and frills. As I continued my journey along curving pathways, I discovered an amazing diversity of orchid colors--reds, yellows, oranges, pinks, purples and occasional blues. I felt as if I were standing inside a rainbow instead of a cleverly designed, climate-controlled building.
The creation of such beauty, as is so often the case, was fraught with hardship. The battle was waged in this instance against devastating storms. Founders, Kerry and Chris Richards, participants in the international orchid circuit for many years, and owners of an orchid operation in Miami, chose Central Florida as the future site for A World of Orchids, wanting to escape the hurricane belt. Hurricane Andrew, however, moved in to destroy a good part of the original orchid inventory, both propagated and purchased, housed in Miami for the planned Kissimmee exhibit. In 1993, on the day after the opening ceremonies of A World of Orchids, another great storm dislodged sections of the conservatory roof and damaged plant houses.
The eventual result, though, has been well worth the battle. Today A World of Orchids is a full production orchid facility, a place where new hybrids are created, and selected plants are cloned for mass production; plants are shipped nationwide. The business itself involves three different sites, and produces anthuriums and other exotics, as well as orchids. One production facility, specializing in rare Lady Slipper orchids, has, according to Kerry Richards, "an extremely large and valuable collection of breeding plants."
The conservatory and grounds were created as a gift to the public, providing a tranquil nature retreat. "What we've tried to offer," says Richards, "is a place for the enjoyment of the simple things in life ..." The well-labeled and informative display is also designed to educate visitors about the large, diverse orchid plant family, members of which grow on every continent except Antarctica.
Unifying link between the various species is flower structure: three inner petals and three outer petal-like sepals joined to one column, with one of the inner petals curving into a scoop or cup-shape, called the lip.
Otherwise, similarity ends--some orchids are only thimble-sized, producing flowers no larger than the tip of a toothpick, while others range to twenty-foot tall vines or boast flowers as big as dinner plates. Some produce curving flowery sprays, while others bear single blossoms at the tip of erect stems. Certain orchids, especially species orchids, have strange and interesting fragrances, such as vanillaish, chocolatey, fruity or spicy. Some have aromas that defy description, and others have no scent at all.
Garden attractions include not only orchids from all over the world, species from Southeast Asia through the Indonesian Archipelago to Central and South America, but a variety of tropical plants, many of which most of us only see growing as houseplants. Banks are planted with rosy swathes of anthuriums or "flamingo flowers." Other treasures and curiosities include various heliconias, daffodil-like Amazon lilies Eucharis grandiflora, a breadfruit tree and a cacao tree, the plant from which chocolate is extracted.
Many different tropical foliage plants form backdrops and also lend intriguing shape and texture: bold crotons, feathery bamboos, fan-like palms and ferns of every size. A venerable 75-year-old Tasmanian tree fern (Dicksonia antartica) soars toward the conservatory roof, while low, delicate maidenhairs spill airily along stream banks or beside paths.
it's all about chocolate.You must have basic to buy the suitable chocolate for your baking.I will tell you a little bit about chocolate in this article
The percentages listed on a chocolate bar represent the amount of cocoa butter and cacao solids by weight. The rest is largely sugar. Depending on the quality of the bar, there might be other additives present, like vanillin or lecithin, but they generally total less than one percent. Milk chocolate must have a certain percentage (12% minimum) of either powdered or condensed milk added as well.
Chocolate comes in the following levels of sweetness, from least to most added sugar:
* Unsweetened chocolate (which is exactly what it sounds like; it's also sometimes called baking chocolate).
* Dark
* Bittersweet
* Semisweet
* Milk Chocolate
White chocolate is made from cocoa butter, without any cocoa solids, so it's technically not chocolate at all.
Cocoa, which is key to the distinctive chocolate taste in baked goods and candies, comes in two styles: Natural (non-alkalized), and Dutch-processed (alkalized). These should not be confused with the instant sweetened versions intended for hot chocolate.
Cocoa powders are primarily used for baking, but make top-notch hot drinks when mixed with sugar to balance their bitter taste. Natural cocoas, like Hershey's or Ghirardelli, tend to be lighter in color than Dutch-processed varieties like Droste. Which is "better" on the taste front? Some bakers prefer the direct chocolate flavor of natural cocoa, while others vote for the mellowness of Dutch.
However, when using chemical leaveners (baking powder or soda), make sure to use the type of cocoa called for in the recipe. Natural cocoas are acidic enough to activate the baking soda in cakes and cookies; alkaline Dutch cocoas should be used in recipes that rely solely on baking powder for their lift.
Storing:
Keep chocolate wrapped well, in a cool, dry place (not the fridge). Milk chocolate keeps for up to a year; dark for even longer. If the chocolate develops white dots or streaks on the outside, that's called "bloom." It means the cocoa butter has become un-emulsified (separated), but it's still perfectly safe to eat.
the article that I rad was about drug addicted
t’s a lesson every addict needs to learn: Drug addiction never goes down without fight. The addiction recovery process, in the end, is and must be a trying ordeal; no one achieves meaningful drug recovery, you might say, without struggling a little along the way. But make no mistake: Getting sober in a drug treatment center is the most important thing you’ll ever do. If you or someone you care about has succumbed to drug abuse and drug dependency, drug rehab is your last best chance to rediscover life as you used to know it, and yourself as you used to be. There’s too much at stake not to let drug treatment work for you.
The key to beating drug addiction, of course, lies in understanding drug addiction. You can’t cope with what you can’t see, after all, and that addict who enters a drug addiction treatment center without knowing the facts about drug addiction itself is effectively fighting blind. In the end, there’s no substitute for self-education in the drug addiction treatment process.
And that education, in turn, will only go so far as you take it. No one can make you learn about drug addiction if you don’t want to; no one can help you beat drug addiction if you won’t help yourself. Your success or failure in a drug addiction treatment center has ultimately got to be up to you, and no addict who fails to play an active role in his own healing can ever expect to achieve any kind of meaningful drug addiction recovery.
What is friendster?
Friendster is an Internet social network service. The Friendster site was founded in Mountain View, California, United States by Roland Gochangco in March 2002 and is privately owned. Friendster is based on the Circle of Friends and Web of Friends techniques for networking individuals in virtual communities and demonstrates the small world phenomenon.[citation needed] It currently has more than 70 million members worldwide and is mostly used in Asia.Based on Alexa.com, Friendster ranked 2nd most visited website in the Philippines while Yahoo! is the most visited website in the Philippines, and third party friendster-layouts.com is 16th.It is estimated that nearly 90 percent of internet users in the Philippines have Friendster accounts.David Jones, vice president for global marketing of Friendster, said that "the biggest percentage of users is from the Philippines, clocking in with 39 percent of the site's traffic."
Also, it caters to men and women interested in meeting people due to different reasons. Such reasons are: looking for friends; looking for activity partners; relationship with men; relationship with women; or just looking around(see www.frienster.com).
A WALK TO REMEMBER by NICHOLAS SPARKS...
Nicholas Sparks writes about a young man and woman in 1958 on the coast in Morehead City in Beaufort, North Carolina. This is the story of their first love. Morehead City is the type of town where the kids walk around barefoot from April through October and the townspeople wave hello from their cars whether they know the person or not. Landon Carter is a seventeen-year-old high school senior whose father is a United States congressman. He and his father are strangers --- his father is on the road quite a bit of the time and he spends the majority of time being raised by his mother. His father insists that he needs to run for student body president to increase his chances of getting into a good college. His father believes that "We Carters always win" and he wants to mold Landon into a miniature version of himself.
Landon wins the election and one of his responsibilities is attending the homecoming dance. Due to the fact he has just broken up with his girlfriend, he doesn't have a date and in a panic, he pulls out his yearbook and scans the pages for someone available. He finally decides on Jamie Sullivan, a junior, who is the minister's daughter, knowing that nobody else will ask her to the dance. Jamie wears old sweaters, plaid skirts and her hair up in a bun. She carries the Bible wherever she goes and believes that whatever happens in life is according to the Lord's plan. She is obviously not your typical high school student and not someone in whom Landon or his friends would be interested.
Both Landon and Jamie star in the school Christmas play that Jamie's father has written. The play details the personal story of his life after his wife's death and his search for love and the meaning of life within his daughter. Jamie plays the angel and Landon, the lead male role. Over time, in rehearsals and occasional talks together on her front porch, Landon starts to like Jamie. As a result, he becomes a better person, helping her do good deeds and accompanying her to the orphanage. The opening night of the play, he is amazed when he first sees her walk on the stage dressed as an angel, with her hair loose and flowing down her back. She glitters onstage and he falls for her true beauty.
With plot twists and turns and an untold secret that will change their lives forever, Landon and Jamie fall in love. Pain and sorrow lie ahead but the story lets you believe in the power of love and that dreams do come true. Their story is unforgettable and as you wipe your tears away, you come to an unbelievable end --- the sort of story that only Nicholas Sparks can tell.
INSIDE OUT GIRL by TISH COHEN...
INSIDE OUT GIRL is a book for adults about children. It takes a sympathetic and sensitive look at the hidden lives of youngsters, sees what they see and tells us how they feel --- about bullying, pop culture and even being gay.
Len Bean is a widower trying, often desperately, to raise Olivia, a six-year-old with "special needs," in this case a learning disorder that gives her the appearance of a higher-than-average verbal intelligence masking a total inability to understand what people are trying to tell her. If you tell Olivia "You're pulling my leg," her eyes go to your legs. Olivia thinks, hopes, that every day is her birthday and keeps on believing that children, any children, will come to her party. For Len, life is less than a party, knowing as he does that Olivia will repel rather than attract other kids, and will need a high level of personal care all her life.
Len meets Rachel Berman on the roadside, where he is trying ineptly to change a tire while looking out for the obstreperous Olivia. Rachel knows how to change a tire. She is the highly competent managing editor of a children's magazine called Perfect Parent, which has been losing sales lately because the reality of parenting is less than perfect. She takes time out of her packed schedule, which includes monitoring her two adolescent kids and unruly mother, to help Len, whose specialty is divorce and adoption law. His profession is part of the attraction --- that and Olivia, whose gun-metal gray eyes speak volumes to Rachel, reminding her starkly of a secret in her past that will come to light in the course of her crisis-to-crisis life as a single mom trying to engage in a courtship after a bad divorce.
As Len and Rachel become something more than friends, Olivia innocently believes that Janie and Dustin are her friends as well. She can't understand that people in their early teen years would rather, in the parlance of Janie and Dustin's favorite made-up game, "kiss a dead body crawling with a million trillion maggots" than be seen hanging out in public with a special needs kid. This leads to a terrible betrayal of Olivia. But worse is to come.
Thoughts of Olivia, and her growing affection for the child, have unlocked a Pandora's box of feelings in Rachel. Olivia's needs link Rachel back to her long-hidden past sins. And Len has something else going --- something worse, something that threatens Olivia's future in the most crucial way. But neither of them wants to talk about it. Until Olivia gets lost while the two families are out together experimenting in blending, and a Code Adam is released. Her loss and recovery signal that it's time to talk.
Through the eyes of Olivia and Rachel's kids, Dustin and Janie, we are led into the often seamy underworld of junior high school. At 14 Janie is pretty sure she's a lesbian --- that's a tough revelation for someone her age and made more so by her frustrated crush on Tabitha, a rich girl, a snob, one of the in-crowd. By guile and shameless fawning, Janie manages to worm her way into Tabitha's inner circle, and through careful plotting she gets her alone in her bedroom and sets up for a kiss. Not surprisingly her best-planned lay becomes the perfect storm of disgrace, with ripples of cruel gossip and mistreatment in its wake. Janie wants to die, but the alternative is to go ahead and have sex with a boy, to white-wash her public image, and punish herself for her stupidity in loving a girl. And she might have succeeded in charting her self-destruction --- but it is miraculously, if unconventionally, rescued by the despised and ignored Olivia.
INSIDE OUT GIRL is a crisp and involving novel that all parents would enjoy, and it's entirely suitable for older teens as well. Without the slightest hint of preaching, it throws a sympathetic lifeline to single parents. It gives excellent insight into what it must be like to raise a child with special needs, especially those of a more perplexing, less socially understood sort. It shows how trying to be the "perfect parent" can lead to pitfalls, and reveals some broader definitions of love and caring within and beyond the conventional family.
Blue Whale??
blue whale, a baleen whale, Balaenoptera musculus. Also called the sulphur-bottom whale and Sibbald's rorqual, it is the largest animal that has ever lived. Blue whales have been known to reach a length of 100 ft (30.5 m) and to weigh as much as 120 tons; average length is about 75 ft (23 m). The blue whale is slate blue in color and has a dorsal fin. It is toothless and has fringed baleen, or whalebone, plates in its mouth, which act as a food strainer. As water is expelled from the whale's mouth, plankton is trapped behind the strainer. The neck of the blue whale has 80 to 100 conspicuous furrows called ventral grooves, which alternately expand and contract as the animal takes in and expels water. The blue whale is cosmopolitan in distribution. In summer it inhabits polar seas, feeding in the water of melting icepacks; in winter it migrates to warmer latitudes, occasionally reaching the equator. Mating occurs at the end of winter, with a single calf born every second or third year, after a gestation period of 10 to 11 months. The calf is nursed for 6 months and reaches puberty in about 3 years. Blue whales may live 100 years or more. Because of extensive whaling, their numbers have been reduced from an estimated 400,000 to about 12,000, and they are listed as endangered. They are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Cetacea, family Balaenopteridae
Today,i wold like to share about The UEFA Cup, which will be renamed the UEFA Europa League in 2009/10, grew out of an idea conceived by Switzerland's Ernst Thommen who, along with Italy's Ottorino Barrasi and England's Sir Stanley Rous, later FIFA President, created a tournament for representative sides from European cities that regularly held trade fairs.
This forerunner to the UEFA Cup, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, was founded on 18 April 1955, two weeks after the founding of the European Champion Clubs' Cup. The first Fairs Cup involved teams from Barcelona, Basle, Birmingham, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Lausanne, Leipzig, London, Milan and Zagreb. The original tournament lasted three years, with matches timed to coincide with trade fairs. Barcelona, using players purely from FC Barcelona, beat a London representative side 8-2 on aggregate in the final
FAST FOOD
Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with low quality preparation and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away. The term "fast food" was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam-Webster in 1951.[1]
Outlets may be stands or kiosks, which may provide no shelter or seating,[2] or fast food restaurants (also known as quick service restaurants). Franchise operations which are part of restaurant chains have standardized foodstuffs shipped to each restaurant from central locations.[3]
The capital requirements involved in opening up a fast food restaurant are relatively low. Smaller, individually-owned fast food restaurants are becoming much more common throughout the world. Restaurants with much higher sit-in ratios, where customers tend to sit and have their orders brought to them in a seemingly more upscale atmosphere, are known as fast casual restaurants
Health Issue
Trans fats which are commonly found in fast food have been shown in many tests to have a negative health effect on the body. A 2006 study[23] fed monkeys a diet consisting of a similar level of trans fats as what a person who ate fast food regularly would consume. Both diets contained the same overall number of calories. It was found that the monkeys who consumed higher level of trans fat developed more abdominal fat than those fed a diet rich in unsaturated fats. They also developed signs of insulin resistance, which is an early indicator of diabetes. After six years on the diet, the trans fat fed monkeys had gained 7.2% of their body weight, compared to just 1.8% in the unsaturated fat group.
The director of the obesity program for the Children's Hospital Boston, David Ludwig, claims that "fast food consumption has been shown to increase calorie intake, promote weight gain, and elevate risk for diabetes".[24] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ranked obesity as the number one health threat for Americans in 2004.[25] It is the second leading cause of preventable death in the United Sates and results in 400,000 deaths each year.[25] About 60 million American adults are classified as being obese with another 127 million being overweight.[25] Health issues associated with obesity causes economic despair regarding health care. According to a 2003 study conducted by RTI International in North Carolina, the cost of health care in America is said to increase by $93 billion a year, mainly from Type 2 diabetes and heart disease, both associated with obesity.[24]
Excessive calories are another issue with fast food. A regular but not overly filling meal at McDonald's of a Big Mac, large fries, and a large Coca-Cola drink amounts to 1430 calories. A diet of approximately 2000 calories is considered a healthy amount of calories for an entire day (which is different depending on several factors such as weight, height, physical activity and gender).
In my opinion,everyone in this world love fast food like KFC.I am also love it very much.Actually,fast food not suitable for our health bacause it can cause many disease..
DRUG
A drug, broadly speaking, is any chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in medicine, government regulations, and colloquial usage.
In pharmacology, Dictionary.com defines a drug as "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being." Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.
Recreational drugs are chemical substances that affect the central nervous system, such as opioids or hallucinogens. They may be used for perceived beneficial effects on perception, consciousness, personality, and behavior. Some drugs can cause addiction and habituation.
Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemicals by being introduced from outside the organism.[citation needed] For example, insulin is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside the body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug.[citation needed]
Many natural substances such as beers, wines, and some mushrooms, blur the line between food and drugs, as when ingested they affect the functioning of both mind and body.
Actually,drug is not good for our health if we take a lot.it can cause many disease..so don't take it a lot.
Just read an article about childhood. This let me refresh back about my unforgettable childhood. Have you have an memorable childhood? I got. I spend my childhood at a small single story house and the house is situated at further most of the road, with a small garden beside it. Inside the small garden, my parents plant sugar cane, guava trees, pandan leaves, banana trees, some vegetables, pineapple, chilies trees, sweet potatoes and some other fruits’ trees that I cannot recognize their name. Since there are so many plants in the garden, there are many other insects too, the caterpillar, lady birds, grasshopper, praying mantes, crickets, spiders are my siblings and my pets , or can consider toy. There are bats, owl and birds too. We always chase after them when we are still children as we always lack of toy that time. What a wonderful childhood for me. Feel free to do anything I want without need to bother any assignment, homeworks or projects. Sometimes will think that it’s hard to become a mature person. Growing up is a necessary and I can do nothing to stop it! I have to face circumstances by my ownselves. Sometimes feel like want to yell help!!! Sometimes I murmur to god that can everything being stopped…I’m tired… But I always talk to myself, don’t give up kahui, you can do it, you surely can overcome this hardship…I always have to coax myself to become stronger… The process of growing up is hard, as hard as a larva is transforming into a butterfly, I hope, the hardship I face, will lead my life to a beautiful one, as beautiful as a butterfly.
Powerful symbol among many cultures, regal in some
Common Name: Tiger (English)
Harimau, Pak Belang or Datuk Harimau (Bahasa Melayu)
Scientific Name: Panthera tigris jacksoni (Malayan Tiger)
Habitat: Lowland dipterocarp forests
Status: IUCN: Critically Endangered
Population: Peninsular Malaysia approx. 490 adult individuals
Background
The largest cat of all, the tiger (Panthera tigris) is a powerful symbol among the different cultures that share its home. Over the past 100 years, tiger numbers have dropped by 95% and three sub-species; the Bali (P. t. balica), Caspian (P. t. virgata), and Javan (P. t. sondaica) tigers have become extinct — with a fourth not seen in the wild for over 25 years.
There are six remaining living sub-species:
• Amur tiger (P. t. altaica)
• Bengal tiger (P. t. tigris)
• Indo-Chinese tiger (P. t. corbetti)
• Malayan tiger (P. t. jacksoni)
• South China tiger (P. t. amoyensis)
• Sumatran tiger (P. t. sumatrae)
Physical and species description
The Malayan tiger (P. t. jacksoni) is found throughout Peninsular Malaysia and named after Peter Jackson, the famous tiger conservationist. It was classified as the Indochinese tiger until DNA testing in December 2004 showed it to be a separate sub-species. Locally known as harimau, Pak Belang or Datuk Harimau, they number at least 490 - mainly in Kelantan, Terengganu, Perak, and Pahang. The Malayan tiger is also found in peat swamps although they prefer lowland dipterocarp forests.
The tigers’ stripes are like finger prints; no two tigers have the same stripe pattern. With round pupils and yellow irises, the night vision of tigers is six times better than that of humans. Coupled with their short heavily muscled forelegs and long, sharp, retractable claws, this makes them good hunters. The mark of the Chinese character Wang (meaning king) sits on their forehead. Predominately solitary except for maternal bonding and during mating, tigers occupy territories that they defend against same sex intruders.
These carnivorous mammals instinctively avoid human beings and will only attack people if they are provoked, injured or unable to hunt for their usual food.
Colour
Tigers have reddish-orange to yellow-ochre coats with black stripes and a white belly.
Ecology, Habitat & Distribution
The largest cat of all
Tigers in Malaysia are found mainly found in Kelantan, Terengganu, Perak, and Pahang. There are no tigers in the east Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. This magnificent creature is widely distributed throughout Peninsular Malaysia except for islands and certain small states such as Perlis, Penang, and Malacca.
Social Structure
Tigers are predominately solitary creatures except for maternal bonding and during mating. They occupy exclusive territories that they defend against intruders of the same sex by marking with urine and scrapes at boundaries.
Life cycle
After a gestation period of around 103 days, litters of around two or three tiger cubs are born to a tigress. For the next 6-8 weeks, cubs live only on their mother’s milk before she begins taking them to kill to feed.
Breeding
Mating season happens throughout the year, although it has been suggested that tiger reproduction, in Peninsular Malaysia, might have a seasonal peak around November to March.
Female tigers reach maturity when they are about 3 years old, a year ahead of males. When they finally leave their mother’s territory – anywhere from a year and a half to three years of age – females tend to stay closer to their mother’s range.
Diet
Tigers are carnivores and are specialised predators of large-hoofed mammals. In Malaysia, the main tiger-prey species are wild boar, Sambar deer, and medium-sized mammals such as Barking deer (muntjak).
Population and distribution
The Malayan tiger is found in peat swamps although they prefer lowland dipterocarp forests. A habitat generalist, there are estimated to be at least 490 individual adult tigers in the forests of Peninsular Malaysia. There are no tigers in Sabah and Sarawak.
Threats
Pressure from all sides
Hunting, Poaching, and Illegal Trade
For over 1,000 years, tigers have been hunted as status symbols, decorative items such as wall and floor coverings, as souvenirs and curios, and for use in traditional Asian medicines. Hunting for sport probably caused the greatest decline in tiger populations up until the 1930s. By the early 1990s, trade in tiger bone for traditional medicines threatened to drive tigers to extinction. Thanks to increased conservation, trade control and promotion of tiger bone substitutes, tiger-based medicines are now less accessible. Protected throughout their range, international trade in tiger parts and derivatives is today illegal. However, poaching persistently feeds continuing demand for various tiger body parts, with skins now appearing as the major form of trade.
Habitat and Prey Loss
Less than a hundred years ago, tigers prowled the forests of eastern Turkey and the Caspian region of Western Asia, across to the Indian subcontinent, China, and Indochina, south to Indonesia, and north to the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far East. But growing human populations, particularly since the 1940s, have both contracted and fragmented the tiger’s former range. Although extensive habitat is available, agriculture, logging and rapid development — especially road networks — are forcing tigers into small, scattered pockets. Tigers need large territories, so reduced habitat means that fewer tigers can survive in the wild. In addition, isolated populations are more prone to inbreeding, and small islands of habitat are more accessible to poachers than large tracts of natural forest. Along with habitat loss, tigers have suffered from severe loss of natural prey populations — in particular, wild deer, goats, sheep, and pigs — either due to direct hunting by people or through competition with domestic animals.
Conflict with Humans
As tigers continue to lose their habitat and prey species, they are increasingly coming into conflict with humans as they attack domestic animals — and sometimes people. The cost for farmers can be high: for example, livestock loss due to tigers is estimated to have cost over RM 1 million in the last decade in Terengganu. In retaliation, tigers are sometimes killed by angry villagers, captured and kept in zoos or killed by the authorities as the last resort.
COMMENT:
As an physics based student, my focus is not only limited to machine and technologies. The extinction of wild animal worth our attention too. The most useful method to help prevent the further extinction of tiger is we should not take or use any products made from tiger for example fur coat. Tiger are widely hunted as every single part of their bodies is dissected for use in traditional Asian medicine for example tiger bones, believed to contain high medicinal properties, are popular on the black market in Asia. If there is no require, there will be no supply and the hunting of tiger can be reduced. In conclusion, we should stay hand in hand to protect the animals which are facing the problems of extinction so that our next generation will still recognise them in the wild but not on the encyclopaedia.
An overview of continuous data protection
IT organizations have been caught between a rock and a hard place. Charged with protecting their company's information, IT organizations have established aggressive service level agreements (SLAs) that impact the manner in which they implement data protection by setting recovery point objectives (RPO) and recovery time objectives (RTO).Organizations struggle with shrinking or non-existent backup windows, the need to recover quickly, often to a specific point in time, and even meeting compliance or regulatory guidelines. Backing up to tape is no longer adequate; not only is it difficult to administer for backups and recoveries, but it lacks the speed, reliability, flexibility and simplicity IT needs to meet stringent SLAs. Backing up to disk using virtual tape emulation or virtual tape libraries also falls short as the administration of the solution is tape-centric and schedule driven. Add in the explosion of data, along with the challenge of protecting remote offices, and you have the challenge facing many of today's business--with IT sitting on the front lines of aligning business needs with today's technology.As a result, a growing number of IT organizations are augmenting their traditional backup and recovery strategies with continuous data protection (CDP) solutions. CDP dramatically improves RPOs and RTOs while eliminating backup windows. What's more, CDP not only reduces the need for tape in the backup and recovery process but it also makes recovery easy enough that users can often recover their own files, without help from IT.
Perfect Girls,Starving Daughters:The Eating Disorder Exposed
To my utter delight, at last there is a book that lashes out at the spectra of thinness and beauty that sets off millions of our young girls, on an obsessive path of starvation and self-punishment.
Perfecting oneself has been mainly a matter of self-discipline and education for the most major part of human history. The association of perfection and thinness is a mysterious recent phenomenon, which is hard to explain. For young girls it’s a difficult cycle to get out of — media pressures, the continuous barrages of images of successful, “thin” women on screen and television, pages and volumes of slimming diets and exercises exhorting an “all out war” on fat. This in turn creates a paradigm of personal based on one’s body weight and “slim and trim” looks. It does not take time for it to develop in to a full-scale obsession, and the focal point of the lives of millions of young girls. And no wonder anorexia and bulimia have now become two of the commonest psychiatric disorders in this age group.
Writer and columnist from Colorado, Courtney Martin’s new book Perfect Girls, Starving Daughters: The Frightening New Normalcy of Hating Your Body launches a scathing attack on a new generation of over-achieving, obsessive-compulsive “perfect girls,” who have taken self-flagellation (nutritionally) to the extremes, into a danger zone of no return.
“Perfect girls feel we could always lose five more pounds. We get into good colleges, but we’re angry if we don’t get into every college we’ve applied to. We’re the captains of the basketball teams, the soccer teams, the swimming champs, the boxes full of blue ribbons. We take ourselves very very seriously. We’re on time, overly prepared, well read, and witty, intellectually curious always. We’re living contradictions. We’re social smokers, secretly happy that cigarette smoking speeds up our metabolism. We pride ourselves on getting as little sleep as possible, and thrive on self-deprivation. We never want to be as passive-aggressive as our mothers, we never want to marry men as uninspiring as our fathers. We are the daughters of feminist who said you can do anything. We must get A’s, we must make money, we must save the world. We are the anorexics, the bulimics, the over-exercisers, the over-eaters. We must be perfect. We must make it look effortless.” In Courtney’s words, this cultural obsession with thinness is therefore an all-pervasive way of self-perfection for many young girls, often oblivious of the immense self-harm.
But Courtney takes the meaning of “starving daughters” to another level in her book — starving for recognition, self-esteem, feelings of guilt due to our imperfections. It is this obsessive facade of perfection that soon consumes normalcy, and sets off millions of young girls on the road to acquiring a dysfunctional body image, through eating disorders.
HOW FOOD FUELS YOU
Although your body burns some stored fat when you exercise, its main fuel is carbohydrate that's been stored in the muscles and liver in the form of glycogen. When your glycogen stores are depleted, your body will indeed tap more of its fat reserves, just as Nocton's client anticipated--but at what price? Without readily available fuel, you're not likely to feel too energetic. "And you won't burn more of anything if you can't muster the enthusiasm to master your toughest sets," says Nocton. "On the other hand, if you eat before exercise, whether it's a large meal several hours in advance or a small snack only minutes ahead of time, you'll have the extra oomph you need for an energetic and effective workout."
Here's the reason: Before carbohydrate is tucked away in your muscles and liver as glycogen, it enters your bloodstream in the form of glucose (also called blood sugar), a readily available source of energy that helps perk you up when you're feeling hungry and fatigued. If the glycogen stored in your muscles and liver is low, your body can rely on glucose for fuel; if you already have a fair amount of stored glycogen, your body will use the glucose as a secondary source of energy and spare the glycogen. "It means that you have two sources of fuel as opposed to one, so you can last a lot longer," says Jackie Berning, RD, a sports nutritionist and assistant professor in the department of biology at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs.
Something else you should consider is that the muscles and liver can only store so much glycogen. It's important to "top off" your reserves fairly often, even if you haven't been doing much: During a long night's sleep, the body depletes as much as 80 percent of the glycogen stored in the liver. "That's why eating a little something before you exercise in the morning can really help," says Nocton. Moreover, it doesn't take long to deplete stored glycogen during exercise, and it gets used up even faster when the weather is warm. "If you're playing an intense tennis match without having eaten and it's warm outside, it may take only 30 to 40 minutes before you deplete your glycogen," says Berning. Eating before a match will not only help you last a lot longer, it will also help settle the gastric juices that make your stomach growl and ward off the feelings of lightheadness and fatigue that can make it difficult to perform well.
Estrogen Reduced Risk of Alzheimer’s in Women.
“Keep that estrogen level up, my lady” seemed like a great motto for American Academy of Neurology’s 59th Annual Meeting.
A study announced earlier this month at AAN’s 59th annual meeting shows that women who use hormone therapy before the age of 65 can cut their risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease or dementia. The study found that women who used any form of estrogen hormone therapy before the age of 65 were nearly 50 percent less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease or dementia than women who did not use hormone therapy before age 65.
The research was conducted by Stanford University professor and AAN fellow Dr. Victor W. Henderson as a part of the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study, which is a sub-study of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). The WHI is one of the largest U.S. prevention studies of post-menopausal women. The study looked at prior hormone uses in 7,153 healthy women, who aged between 65-79 years, before they were enrolled in the WHI Memory Study.
Researchers followed the women’s cognitive health over an average of five years, during which only 106 of the total developed Alzheimer’s disease or dementia.
Dr. Henderson announced, “We found that it didn’t matter how old the woman was when she started hormone therapy, how long or recently she took it or what kind of prior therapy she used.” The reduced risk of dementia was seen only with prior hormone therapy, used before one’s enrollment in the study. Women who began estrogen-only therapy after the age of 65 or during the WHI Memory Study had roughly a 50-percent increased risk of developing dementia. The risk jumped to nearly double for women who used estrogen-plus-progestin hormone therapy.
Dr. Henderson also said that further studies are needed to support their findings and learn more about how hormone therapy can affect the long-term cognitive health of women who begin the use before age of 65.
Sony Ericsson is a joint venture established on October 3, 2001 by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to make mobile phones. The stated reason for this venture is to combine Sony's consumer electronics expertise with Ericsson's technological leadership in the communications sector. Both companies have stopped making their own mobile phones.The company's global management is based in Hammersmith, London, and it has research & development teams in Sweden, Japan, China, Germany, the United States, India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom. As of 2007, it was the fourth-largest cellphone manufacturer in the world after Nokia, Motorola and Samsung.
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Recent performance
While Sony Ericsson has been enjoying strong growth recently, its South Korean rival LG Electronics overtook it in Q1 2008 due to the company's profits falling significantly by 43% to €133 million (approx. US$ 193.6746 million [1]), sales falling by 8% and market share dropping from 9.4% to 7.9%, despite favourable conditions that the handset market is expected to grow by 10% in 2008. Sony Ericsson announced another profit warning in June 2008[2] and saw net profit crash by 97% in Q2 2008, announcing that it would cut 2,000 jobs, leading to wide fear that Sony Ericsson is on the verge of decline along with its struggling rival, Motorola.[3]
Sony Ericsson has, as of July 18, 2008, approximately 9,400 employees and 2,500 contractors worldwide. Hideki Komiyama is the president of the company since November 1, 2007 when he replaced Miles Flint. The Corporate Executive Vice President is Anders Runevad.
History
Troubles in Ericsson's mobile phone business
In the United States, Ericsson partnered with General Electric in the early nineties, primarily to establish a US presence and brand recognition.
Ericsson had decided to source on chips for its phones from a single source, a Philips facility in New Mexico. In March 2000, a fire at the Philips factory contaminated the sterile facility. Philips assured Ericsson and Nokia (the other major customer of the facility) that production would be delayed by less than a week. When it became clear that production would actually be compromised for months, Ericsson was faced with a serious shortage. Nokia had already begun to obtain parts from alternative sources, but Ericsson's position was much worse as both production of current models and the launch of new ones was held up.[4]
Ericsson, which had been in the cellular phone market for decades and was the world no. 3 cellular telephone handset maker was struggling with huge losses inspite of booming sales since 2000 due to this fire and its inability to produce cheaper and attractive phones like its competitor Nokia. To curtail the losses, it was thinking of outsourcing production to Asian companies that can produce the handset for lower costs.
Speculation had begun about a possible sale by Ericsson of its mobile phone division but the company's president said that it had no plans to do that. "Mobile phones is really a core business for Ericsson. We wouldn't be as successful (in networks) if we didn't have phones," he said.
Background of the joint venture
Sony was a marginal player in the worldwide cell phone market with a share of less than 1 percent in 2000. It was also struggling in this area with losses but wanted to focus more in this area. In April 2001, Sony confirmed that it was in talks with Ericsson for a possible collaboration in the handset business. This was soon after Toshiba and Siemens had announced plans in November 2000 to work together on handsets for 3G mobile networks.
By August 2001, the two companies had finalized the terms of the merger announced in April. The company was to have an initial workforce of 3,500 employees.
Early troubles
Inspite of having aimed to be profitable in its very first year, Ericsson's market share actually fell and in August 2002, Ericsson said it would stop making mobile phones and end its partnership with Sony if the business continues to disappoint even as Sony said it was fully committed to the joint venture and wanted to make it a success. However, in January 2003, both companies said they would inject more money into the joint venture in a bid to stem the losses.
Sony Ericsson's strategy was to release new models capable of digital photography as well as other multimedia capabilities such as downloading and viewing video clips and personal information management capabilities. To this end, it released several new models which had built-in digital camera and color screen which were novelties at that time. The high-end P800 which featured a built-in camera and PDA attributes was successful and helped in turning around. The joint venture, however, continued to make bigger losses inspite of booming sales. Thus, it kept postponing its target date for making a profit from its first year to 2002 to 2003 to second half of 2003.
It even failed in its mission of becoming the top seller of multimedia handsets and was in fifth-place and struggling in 2003.
Turnaround
Beginning of the turnaround
In June 2003, Sony Ericsson said it will stop making CDMA cellphones for the US market and will focus on GSM which was and remains the dominant technology. It also slashed jobs in research and development in USA and Germany. In October 2003, it posted its first quarterly profit but warned that falling prices on phones and competition would make it difficult to stay in black. Sony Ericsson's recovery is credited to the success of the T610 model.
Following the success of its P800 phone, Sony Ericsson introduced the P900 at simultaneous events in Las Vegas and Beijing in October 2003. It was pegged as smaller, faster, simpler and more flexible than its predecessor.
In March 2004, Ericsson said it would try to block its rival Nokia from gaining control of Symbian, an industry consortium that makes operating software for smart phones.
In 2004, Sony Ericsson's market share increased from 5.6 percent in the first quarter to 7 percent in the second quarter. In July 2004, Sony Ericsson unveiled the P910 communicator with its integrated thumbboard, broad e-mail support, quadruple memory and improved screen.
In February 2005, Sony Ericsson president Miles Flint announced at the 3GSM World Congress that Sony Ericsson will unveil a mobile phone-cum-digital music player in the next month. It would be called the Walkman phone and would play music file formats such as MP3 and AAC.
Success with Walkman phones and beyond
On March 1, 2005, Sony Ericsson introduced the K750i with a 2 megapixel camera, the W800i, the first of the highly successful Walkman phones capable of doing 30 hours of music playback and two low-end phones.
On May 1, 2005, Sony Ericsson agreed to become the global title sponsor for the WTA Tour in a deal worth 88 million US dollars over 6 years. The women's pro tennis circuit was renamed the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour. Just over a month later on June 7, it announced sponsorship of West Indian batsmen Chris Gayle and Ramnaresh Sarwan.
In October 2005, Sony Ericsson presented the first mobile phone based on UIQ 3, the P990.
On January 2, 2007, Sony Ericsson announced in Stockholm that it will be having some of its mobile phones produced in India. It announced that its two outsourcing partners, Lextronic and Foxconn will be producing 10 million cellphones per year by 2009. CEO Miles Flint announced at a press conference held with India's communications minister Dayanidhi Maran in Chennai that India was one of the fastest growing markets in the world and a priority market for Sony Ericsson with 105 million users of GSM mobile telephones.
On February 2, 2007, Sony Ericsson acquired UIQ Technology, a Swedish software company from Symbian Ltd.. UIQ will remain an independent company, Miles Flint announced.[5]
On 15 October 2007, Sony Ericsson announced on Symbian Smartphone Show that they will be selling half of its UIQ share to Motorola thus making UIQ technology owned by two large mobile phone companies.
Types of phones
Main areas of interest
The Sony Ericsson K750i is one of the most successful Sony Ericsson products.
Sony Ericsson currently concentrates on the categories of: music, camera, business (web and email), design, all-rounder, and budget focused phones. Its four largest categories are:
• The Walkman-branded W series music phones, launched in 2005.
The Sony Ericsson W-series music phones are notable for being the first music-centric series mobile phones, prompting a whole new market for portable music that was developing at the time. Sony Ericsson's Walkman phones have previously been commercially endorsed by pop stars Christina Aguilera and Jason Kay across Europe.
• The Cyber-Shot-branded line of phones, launched in 2006 in newer models of the K series phones.
This range of phones are focused on the quality of the camera included with the phone. Cyber-shot phones always include a flash, some with a xenon flash, and also include auto-focus cameras. Sony Ericsson kicked off its global marketing campaign for Cyber-shot phone with the launch of 'Never Miss a Shot'. The campaign featured top female tennis players Ana Ivanović and Daniela Hantuchová. On 10 February 2008, the series has been expanded with the announcement of C702 and C902 phones.
• The BRAVIA-branded line of phones, launched in 2007 Japan market only.
Now, two mobile phones (FOMA SO903iTV and FOMA SO906i) uses BRAVIA brand. BRAVIA branded phone are able to watch 1seg terrestrial television.
• The UIQ smartphone range of mobiles, introduced with the P series in 2003 with the introduction of P800.
They are notable for their touchscreens, QWERTY keypads (on most models), and use of the UIQ interface Platform from Symbian OS. This has since expanded into the M series and G series phones.
• The Xperia range of mobile phones, heralded by the Sony Ericsson XPERIA X1 on February 2008 at the Mobile World Congress (formerly 3GSM) held in Barcelona Spain , had opened the door for integration of Windows Mobile Operating System into Sony Ericsson powerhouse smartphones. XPERIA was the first trademark promoted by the Sony Ericsson as its own and is designated to provide technological convergence among its target user base
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Teen pregnancy: Female juvenile offenders engage in sexual activity at an earlier age than non-offenders, putting them at higher risk of sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancy. For many young women, teen pregnancy is a virtual guarantee of poverty and long-term reliance on welfare. Most teen mothers drop out of high school and remain single most of their young adult years. They earn an average of $5,600 annually, less than half the poverty-level income. More than 60 percent of African-American and half of all Hispanic teen mothers are concentrated in poor, racially segregated neighborhoods that have poor housing, high crime rates, and inadequate schools. Many teen mothers have been victims of sexual abuse. Adolescent mothers are more likely to raise a child who goes to prison than mothers who delay having children until their early 20s (Robin Hood Foundation, 1996).
English is a west Germanic language originating in England and is the first language for most people in United States, United Kingdom, Canada,Australia , New Zealand , Ireland and Anglophone Caribbean. It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language throughout the world, especially in Commonwealth countries and in many international organisations.
Modern English , sometimes described as the first global lingua franca is the dominant international language in communications, science, business, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy. The initial reason for its enormous spread beyond the bounds of the British Isles where it was originally a native tongue was the British Empire, and by the late nineteenth century its influence had won a truly global reach. It is the dominant language in the United States and the growing economic and cultural influence and status as a global superpower since World War II has significantly accelerated adoption of English as a language across the planet.
A working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of fields, occupations and professions such as medicine and as a consequence over a billion people speak English to at least a basic level (see English language learning and teaching).
Linguists such as David Crystal recognize that one impact of this massive growth of English, in common with other global languages, has been to reduce native linguistic diversity in many parts of the world historically, most particularly in Australasia and North America, and its huge influence continues to play an important role in language attrition. By a similar token, historical linguists, aware of the complex and fluid dynamics of language change, are always alive to the potential English contains through the vast size and spread of the communities that use it and its natural internal variety, such as in its creoles and pidgins, to produce a new family of distinct languages over time.
English is one of six official languages of the United Nations.
All of us know what it is to feel stressed at one time or another. In fact, according to the American Psychological Association, 43 percent of all adults suffer adverse health effects from stress. Furthermore, 75 to 90 percent of visits to a doctor are for stress-related complaints. Stress takes a toll on our lives, our jobs, our health, and our relationships.
The symptoms of stress vary from individual to individual. People suffering from stress may lose their appetite, experience disrupted sleep, or have such physical symptoms as an upset stomach, excessive sweating, diarrhea, heart palpitations, or lowered energy. Psychological symptoms might include feeling anxious, depressed or worried.
Stress puts us in a position of being responsible to accomplish more than we're able to. When we feel stressed we're unable to do the things which give us pleasure because we're too busy dealing with all we are faced with. Stress may also affect relationships with others who may assume that the person under stress is angry with them.
What causes stress differs from person to person. Each of us has different weaknesses or vulnerabilities and differing comfort levels. One person might look forward to Thanksgiving with anticipation as one of the few times the family gets together. Another might dread the holiday because the holiday brings back unpleasant memories. For that individual, Thanksgiving becomes a cause of stress. Some of us thrive on busy schedules, moving easily from one demanding activity to another. Such an individual's stress level may be much higher than that of the person who can comfortably handle just one decision or activity at a time.
There is also often a difference in handling short-term stress in contrast to anticipating long-term or prolonged stress. We can be pretty sure that short-term stress is going to end soon. Experienced teachers, for example, know that the first week or two of school is particularly stressful and manage to cope with the difficulties of crying children, missing books, and room changes with equanimity because they've learned things will eventually settle down. But a teacher given an auditorium used by other groups throughout the day for a classroom, may feel overwhelmed because there is no relief in sight.
Relaxation exercises, visual imagery, deep breathing, and biofeedback are techniques which can be utilized to reduce stress. It also helps to prioritize responsibilities and avoid taking on more than one can handle comfortably. Although stress may be an inevitable part of life, handling it appropriately can reduce its impact on our lives.
As for me,this article is really useful for us as a student.This is because as a student we usually get stress easily.Therefore,this article can help bit for those who are under a stress as there are a few step on how to cop with the stress.
Maggi is a Nestlé brand of instant soups, stocks, bouillons, ketchups, sauces, seasonings and instant noodles. The original company came into existence in 1872 in Switzerland, when Julius Maggi took over his father's mill. It quickly became a pioneer of industrial food production, aiming at the improvement of the nutrition of worker families. It was the first to bring protein-rich legume meal to the market, which was followed by ready-made soup based on legume meal in 1886. In 1897, Julius Maggi founded the company Maggi GmbH in the German town of Singen where it is still established today.In parts of Europe, including German-speaking countries as well as the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and France, "Maggi" is still synonymous with the brand's "Maggi-Würze" (Maggi spice), a dark sauce which is very similar to East Asian soy sauce without actually containing soy. It was also introduced in 1886, as a cheap substitute for meat extract. It has since become a well-known part of everyday culinary culture in Switzerland, Austria and especially in Germany.The bouillon cube or 'Maggi cube' was introduced in 1908, which was another meat substitution product.Because chicken and beef broths are so common in the cuisines of many different countries, the company's products have a large worldwide market. Today Maggi is particularly well known in New Zealand, Australia, India, Malaysia and Singapore for its instant noodles.In West Africa, Maggi cubes are used as part of the local cuisine. Throughout Latin America, Maggi products, especially bouillon cubes, are widely sold with some repackaging to reflect local terminology. In the German, Dutch and Danish languages lovage has come to be known as "Maggi herb" (Ger. Maggikraut, Du. maggikruid or Da. maggiurt) because of a supposed resemblance to the taste of Maggi sauce
About Sir Isaac Newton
biography of Sir Isaac Newton
* Born: 25 December 1642
* Birthplace: Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England
* Died: 20 March 1727 (bladder stone)
* Best Known As: The genius who explained gravity
Isaac Newton's discoveries were so numerous and varied that many consider him to be the father of modern science. A graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, Newton developed an intense interest in mathematics and the laws of nature which ultimately led to his two most famous works: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) and Opticks (1704). Newton helped define the laws of gravity and planetary motion, co-founded the field of calculus, and explained laws of light and color, among many other discoveries. (A famous story says that Newton uncovered the laws of gravity after being hit on the head by a falling apple. There is no proof that this story is true. However, his assistant John Conduitt later wrote that Newton had said he was inspired to think about gravity after seeing an apple fall in his garden around 1666.) Newton was knighted in 1705 and upon his death in 1727 was the first scientist given the honor of burial in Westminster Abbey.
Newton is often ranked 1-2 with Albert Einstein among history's leading physicists... Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge -- a post later held by Stephen Hawking... Newton was good friends with astronomer Edmond Halley, of Halley's Comet fame... Newton was born the same year that Galileo died.
[b. Woolsthorpe, England, December 25, 1642 (January 4, 1643, by Gregorian calendar), d. London, March 20, 1727]
Newton entered Cambridge University in 1661, but in 1665, Cambridge closed because of plague and Newton returned to the family farm for a year and a half. During this period in the country Newton first developed new methods in mathematics, starting with the binomial theorem, which deals with fractional powers of an algebraic expression, and continuing with a useful method for approximating solutions. By the end of 1665, he had developed the methods for finding slopes of curves that we call differential calculus. In the following year, he completed his invention of calculus with the method of finding areas of curved regions (the integral calculus). During the same period, Newton experimented with light and found that white light is a mixture of colors. He also began to think about gravity -- whether the same force that causes an apple to fall to Earth also affects the Moon.
Newton completed his studies at Cambridge and stayed as a professor of mathematics. Instead of publishing his work he circulated manuscripts to friends. He built the first reflecting telescope and in 1672 presented one to the Royal Society. The Royal Society elected him a fellow and he began to communicate some of his discoveries about optics to them. He was urged to publish his ideas on the motion of planets, and Newton's Principia of 1687 contained his laws of motion and gravity as well as such topics as artificial satellites.
In 1696 Newton left Cambridge and took charge of the British Mint in London. In 1703 he became president of the Royal Society, keeping that post for the rest of his life. The following year he wrote a full account of his study of light, called Opticks. Although Newton devoted a major portion of his time to alchemy, the predecessor of chemistry, he did not publish any results.
About Sir Isaac Newton
biography of Sir Isaac Newton
* Born: 25 December 1642
* Birthplace: Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England
* Died: 20 March 1727 (bladder stone)
* Best Known As: The genius who explained gravity
Isaac Newton's discoveries were so numerous and varied that many consider him to be the father of modern science. A graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, Newton developed an intense interest in mathematics and the laws of nature which ultimately led to his two most famous works: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) and Opticks (1704). Newton helped define the laws of gravity and planetary motion, co-founded the field of calculus, and explained laws of light and color, among many other discoveries. (A famous story says that Newton uncovered the laws of gravity after being hit on the head by a falling apple. There is no proof that this story is true. However, his assistant John Conduitt later wrote that Newton had said he was inspired to think about gravity after seeing an apple fall in his garden around 1666.) Newton was knighted in 1705 and upon his death in 1727 was the first scientist given the honor of burial in Westminster Abbey.
Newton is often ranked 1-2 with Albert Einstein among history's leading physicists... Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge -- a post later held by Stephen Hawking... Newton was good friends with astronomer Edmond Halley, of Halley's Comet fame... Newton was born the same year that Galileo died.
[b. Woolsthorpe, England, December 25, 1642 (January 4, 1643, by Gregorian calendar), d. London, March 20, 1727]
Newton entered Cambridge University in 1661, but in 1665, Cambridge closed because of plague and Newton returned to the family farm for a year and a half. During this period in the country Newton first developed new methods in mathematics, starting with the binomial theorem, which deals with fractional powers of an algebraic expression, and continuing with a useful method for approximating solutions. By the end of 1665, he had developed the methods for finding slopes of curves that we call differential calculus. In the following year, he completed his invention of calculus with the method of finding areas of curved regions (the integral calculus). During the same period, Newton experimented with light and found that white light is a mixture of colors. He also began to think about gravity -- whether the same force that causes an apple to fall to Earth also affects the Moon.
Newton completed his studies at Cambridge and stayed as a professor of mathematics. Instead of publishing his work he circulated manuscripts to friends. He built the first reflecting telescope and in 1672 presented one to the Royal Society. The Royal Society elected him a fellow and he began to communicate some of his discoveries about optics to them. He was urged to publish his ideas on the motion of planets, and Newton's Principia of 1687 contained his laws of motion and gravity as well as such topics as artificial satellites.
In 1696 Newton left Cambridge and took charge of the British Mint in London. In 1703 he became president of the Royal Society, keeping that post for the rest of his life. The following year he wrote a full account of his study of light, called Opticks. Although Newton devoted a major portion of his time to alchemy, the predecessor of chemistry, he did not publish any results.
Leornardo da Vinci
• Born: 15 April 1452
• Birthplace: Vinci, Italy
• Died: 2 May 1519 (natural causes)
• Best Known As: Painter of the Mona Lisa
Leonardo da Vinci is best remembered as the painter of the Mona Lisa (1503-1506) and The Last Supper (1495). But he's almost equally famous for his astonishing multiplicity of talents: he dabbled in architecture, sculpture, engineering, geology, hydraulics and the military arts, all with success, and in his spare time doodled parachutes and flying machines that resembled inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries. He made detailed drawings of human anatomy which are still highly regarded today. Leonardo also was quirky enough to write notebook entries in mirror (backwards) script, a trick which kept many of his observations from being widely known until decades after his death.
Leonardo da Vinci means "Leonardo from the town of Vinci," and thus he is generally referred to in short as "Leonardo" rather than as "da Vinci"... He received a fresh burst of public interest in 2003 with the publication of The Da Vinci Code, the bestselling thriller by author Dan Brown.
[b. Vinci (Italy), April 15, 1452, d. Amboise, France, May 2, 1519]
Leonardo's great reputation in science and invention is posthumous, based on the translation and publication of his coded notebooks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In his lifetime, in addition to his famous paintings, he was known for his engineering of canal locks, cathedrals, and engines of war. The notebooks reveal Leonardo's correct interpretations of anatomy, explanations of physical concepts such as inertia, and sketches for working parachutes and helicopters, all well in advance of those ideas entering the scientific record.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.
During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.
After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.
At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.
In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics.
In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology.
After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of physicists.
Einstein's researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important.
Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.
Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey.
From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967
This autobiography/biography was first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
________________________________________
* Albert Einstein was formally associated with the Institute for Advanced Study located in Princeton, New Jersey.
Drugs Found in Hair of Ancient Andean Mummies
Charles Q. Choi
for National Geographic News
October 22, 2008
The first hard evidence of psychoactive drug use in the ancient Andes has been discovered in mummies' hair, a new study says.
The finding confirms that predecessors of the Inca known as the Tiwanaku used mind-altering substances, and hints that the civilization relied on far-reaching trade networks to obtain the drugs.
Scientists recently analyzed 32 naturally mummified Tiwanaku bodies discovered in northern Chile's Azapa Valley, which lies in the Atacama Desert.
The researchers discovered a compound called harmine in hairs from an adult male and a one-year-old baby, who both date to sometime between A.D. 800 and 1200. Harmine can help humans absorb hallucinogens and may be a powerful antidepressant.
"These individuals probably ingested harmine in therapeutic or medicinal practices, some maybe related to pregnancy and childbirth," said study co-author Juan Pablo Ogalde, a chemical archaeologist at the University of Tarapacá in Arica, Chile.
"However, it is possible also that consumption of harmine was involved in religious rituals, said Ogalde, whose research appeared online October 14 in the Journal of Archaeological Science.
X-rays showed that the adult male—who was buried with items of social prestige such as panpipes, a four-pointed hat, and a snuffing tray—had damage near the nose, perhaps from sniffing.
As for the baby, Ogalde speculated that the mother had consumed the drug and passed it on to her offspring during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
"The fact this mind-altering substance was found even with a one-year-old shows how much a part of their life it was," said archaeologist Alexei Vranich of the University of California, Los Angeles, who did not participate in the study.
Kentucky Fried Chicken, usually known as KFC, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky. KFC was a wholly owned subsidiary of Tricon from 1997-2002, and has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Yum! Brands since 2002. The chain also advertises itself as Poulet Frit du Kentucky or PFK in the province of Quebec in Canada.
KFC primarily sells chicken in form of pieces, wraps, salads and burgers. While its primary focus is fried chicken KFC also offers a line of roasted chicken products, sides and desserts. Outside of North America, KFC offers beef based products such as burgers or kebabs, pork based products such as ribs and other regional fare. The popularity and novelty of KFC has led to the general formula of the fried chicken fast-food restaurant being copied by restaurant owners worldwide.
The company was founded as Kentucky Fried Chicken by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1952, though the idea of KFC's fried chicken actually goes back to 1930. The company adopted the abbreviated form of its name, KFC, in 1991.[2] Starting in April 2007, the company began using its original appellation of Kentucky Fried Chicken again for its signage, packaging and advertisements in the United States as part of a new corporate re-branding program;[3][4] newer and remodeled restaurants will have the new logo and name while older stores will continue to use the 1980s signage. Additionally, the company continues to use the abbreviation KFC freely in its advertising. Internationally the company is still known as KFC.
History
The restaurant in North Corbin, KY where Colonel Sanders developed Kentucky Fried ChickenWorld's first KFC in South Salt Lake, Utah, since replaced by a new KFC on the same siteBorn and raised in Henryville, Indiana, Sanders passed through several professions in his lifetime.[5] Sanders first served his fried chicken in 1930 in the midst of the Great Depression at a gas station he owned in North Corbin, Kentucky. The dining area was named "Sanders Court & Café" and was so successful that in 1936 Kentucky Governor Ruby Laffoon granted Sanders the title of honorary Kentucky Colonel, in recognition of his contribution to the state's cuisine. The following year Sanders expanded his restaurant to 142 seats, and added a motel he bought across the street.[6] When Sanders prepared his chicken in his original restaurant in North Corbin, he prepared the chicken in an iron skillet, which took about 30 minutes to do, too long for a restaurant operation. In 1939, Sanders altered the cooking process for his fried chicken to use a pressure fryer, resulting in a greatly reduced cooking time comparable to that of deep frying.[7] In 1940 Sanders devised what came to be known as his Original Recipe.[8]
The Sanders Court & Café generally served travelers, often those headed to Florida, so when the route planned in the 1950s for what would become Interstate 75 bypassed Corbin, he sold his properties and traveled the U.S. to sell his chicken to restaurant owners. Sanders entered into franchise agreements paying him five cents for each piece of chicken sold.[citation needed] The first to take him up on the offer was Pete Harman in South Salt Lake, Utah; together, they opened the first "Kentucky Fried Chicken" outlet in 1952.[9] By the early 1960s Kentucky Fried Chicken was sold in over 600 franchised outlets in both the United States and Canada. One of the longest-lived franchisees of the older Col. Sanders' chicken concept, as opposed to the KFC chain, was the Kenny Kings chain. The company owned many Northern Ohio diner-style restaurants, the last of which closed in 2004. Sanders sold the entire KFC franchising operation in 1964 for $2 million USD [10] Since that time, the chain has been sold three more times, most recently to PepsiCo, which made it part of its Tricon Global Restaurants division, which in turn was spun off in 1997, and has now been renamed to Yum! Brands. Additionally, Colonel Sanders' nephew, Lee Cummings, took his own Kentucky Fried Chicken franchises (and a chicken recipe of his own) and converted them to his own "spin-off" restaurant chain, Lee's Famous Recipe Chicken.Today, some of the older KFC restaurants have become famous in their own right. One such restaurant is located in Marietta, Georgia. This store is notable for a 56-foot (17 m) tall sign that looks like a chicken. The sign, known locally as the Big Chicken, was built for an earlier fast-food restaurant on the site called Johnny Reb's Chick, Chuck and Shake. It is often used as a travel reference point in the Atlanta area by locals and pilots.[11]The original handwritten recipe, along with vials containing samples of each of 11 herbs and spices, is kept locked away at the KFC corporate headquarters in Louisville, Kentucky. Only 2 executives have access to it and to maintain security, the company uses multiple suppliers each providing only a portion of the final ingredients.[12]
Products
Packaging
The famous paper bucket that KFC uses for its larger sized orders of chicken and has come to signify the company was originally created by Wendy's restaurants founder Dave Thomas.[citation needed] Thomas was originally a franchisee of the original Kentucky Fried Chicken and operated several outlets in the Columbus, Ohio area. His reasoning behind using the paper packaging was that it helped keep the chicken crispy by wicking away excess moisture. The rotating bucket sign was designed by Leonard Goldstein to advertise the availability of Kentucky Fried Chicken at his Lendy's Restaurants in Roanoke and Salem, VA. The signs first appeared in 1961, a year before Dave Thomas took over 4 Kentucky Fried Chicken stores in Columbus, OH.[citation needed]
Menu items
This is a list of menu items sold at KFC.KFC's Original Recipe fried chicken and French fries
• KFC's specialty is fried chicken served in various forms. KFC's primary product is pressure-fried pieces of chicken made with one of two types of breading: original recipe or extra crispy.
• KFC has two lines of sandwiches: its "regular" chicken sandwiches and its Snackers line. The regular sandwiches are served on either a sesame seed or corn dusted roll and are made from either whole breast fillets (fried or roasted), chopped chicken in a sauce or fried chicken strips. The Snackers line are value priced items that consist of chicken strips and various toppings. In the UK the main sandwiches are chicken fillet burger (a chicken breast fillet coated in an original-recipe coating with salad garnish and mayonnaise) and a Zinger Burger (as with the former but with a spicier coating and salsa). Both of these are available as "tower" variants, which include a slice of cheese and a hash brown.
• A variety of smaller finger food products are available at KFC including chicken strips, wings, nuggets and popcorn chicken. These products can be ordered plain or with various sauces, including several types of barbecue sauces and buffalo sauce. They also offer potato wedges.
• Several pies have been made available from KFC. The Pot Pie is a savory pie made with chicken, gravy and vegetables. In the second quarter of 2006, KFC introduced its variation on Shepherd's pie called the Famous Bowl. Served in a plastic bowl, it is layered with mashed potatoes or rice, gravy, corn, popcorn chicken, cheese, and a biscuit. The bowl had been available at KFC's special test market store in Louisville since the third quarter of 2005.
• The KFC Twister is a wrap that consists of either chicken strips or roasted chicken, tomato, lettuce and (pepper) mayonnaise wrapped in a tortilla.
• Shish kebab - in several markets KFC sells kebabs.
Other products
Coleslaw
• In some international locations, KFC may sell hamburgers, pork ribs or fish. In the U.S., KFC began offering the Fish Snacker sandwich during Lent in 2006. The Fish Snacker consists of a rectangular patty of Alaskan Pollock on a small bun, and is the fifth KFC menu item in the Snacker category.[13]
• Three types of salads (which can be topped with roasted or fried chicken) are available at KFC: Caesar, house, and BLT salads (in the US).
• The Bonus Banquet
• Zinger Burger - A regular sized burger which regularly consists of a boneless fillet of hot and spicy chicken, lettuce and mayonnaise in a burger bun. Cheese, tomato, bacon and pineapple can be added upon request. Barbecue sauce can also replace/join the mayonnaise.
• Parfait desserts - "Little Bucket Parfaits" in varieties such as Fudge Brownie, Chocolate Crème (once called the Colonel's Little Fudge Bucket), Lemon Crème and Strawberry Shortcake are available at most locations in the US. [14]
• Sara Lee Desserts - Available in either Cookies and Cream Cheesecake or Choc Caramel Mousse.
• "Variety Bucket": This has chicken, popcorn chicken, two sides, biscuit.
Sides
• Other than fried chicken, many KFC restaurants serve side dishes like coleslaw, various potato-based items (including potato wedges, french fries and mashed potatoes with gravy), biscuits, baked beans, macaroni and cheese, rice, steamed vegetables and corn on the cob.
Discontinued products
• The Colonel's Rotisserie Gold - This product was introduced in the 1990s as a response to the Boston Market chain's roasted chicken products, and a healthier mindset of the general public avoiding fried food. Purportedly made from a "lost" Col. Sanders recipe, it was sold as a whole roaster or a half bird.[15]
• Tender Roast Chicken - This product was an off-shoot of 'The Colonel's Rotisserie Gold'. Instead of whole and half birds, customers were given quarter roasted chicken pieces. For a time, customers could request chicken "original", "Extra Tasty Crispy", or "Tender Roast".
• Chicken Little sandwich - a value oriented sandwich that sold for $0.39(USD)[16] in the U.S. during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was a small chicken patty with mayonnaise on a small roll, similar to White Castle's mini chicken sandwich.[17]
• Extra Tasty Crispy (ETC) - Chicken much like the Extra Crispy served today, except ETC was prepared using chicken that had been soaking for at least a day in special marinade. There is some speculation that the marinade may have been made with trans-fats, and KFC boasts to no longer use trans-fats in their chicken. In the summer of 2007, KFC started marketing the chicken just as "Extra Crispy" without the marinade.
• Kentucky Nuggets were a chicken nugget product available at KFC until 1996. No reason has been given for their discontinuation.
• Fillers - A promotional item for a Cricket team, the filler was a nine inch (22cm) sub available in four different varieties from November 2007-Mid January 2008, only in Australia.
• Smokey Chipotle - Introduced in April 2008. The chicken was dipped in chipotle sauce then doubled breaded and fried. It has been discontinued since August 2008.
Nutritional value
KFC formerly used partially hydrogenated oil in its fried foods. This oil contains relatively high levels of trans fat, which increases the risk of heart disease. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) filed a court case against KFC, with the aim of making it use other types of oils or make sure customers know about trans fat content immediately before they buy food.
In October 2006, KFC announced that it would begin frying its chicken in trans fat-free oil. This would also apply to their potato wedges and other fried foods, however, the biscuits, macaroni and cheese, and mashed potatoes would still contain trans fat. Trans fat-free soybean oil was introduced in all KFC restaurants in the U.S. by 30 April 2007. CSPI announced that it would immediately drop its lawsuit against KFC and was hopeful that this would create a ripple effect on other restaurants or fast food chains that prepare food rich in trans fat. "If KFC, which deep-fries almost everything, can get the artificial trans fat out of its frying oil, anyone can," CSPI Executive Director Michael Jacobson said in a statement.[18]
Advertising
KFC's logo used from 1991 until November 2006
Early television advertisements for KFC regularly featured Colonel Sanders licking his fingers and talking to the viewer about his secret recipe and the importance of a family joining one another for a meal. Despite his death in 1980, this angle was quite common through the 1980s and up until the early-mid 1990s.
Throughout the mid 1980s, KFC called on Will Vinton Studios to produce a series of humorous, claymation ads. These most often featured a cartoon-like chicken illustrating the poor food quality of competing food chains, mentioning prolonged freezing and other negative aspects.[19] TV ads also featured Foghorn Leghorn advising Henery Hawk to visit the restaurant for better chicken.
In the 80s, KFC was an associate sponsor for Junior Johnson's NASCAR Winston Cup Series cars, with such drivers as Darrell Waltrip, Neil Bonnett, and Terry Labonte.
In 1997 KFC briefly re-entered the NASCAR Winston Cup Series as sponsor of the #26 Darrell Waltrip Motorsports Chevrolet with driver Rich Bickle at the Brickyard 400.
A co-branded Long John Silvers and KFC
By the late 1990s, the stylized likeness of Colonel Sanders as the KFC logo had been modified. KFC ads began featuring an animated version of "the Colonel" voiced by Randy Quaid with a lively and enthusiastic attitude. He would often start out saying "The Colonel here!" and moved across the screen with a cane in hand. The Colonel was often shown dancing, singing, and knocking on the TV screen as he spoke to the viewer about the product. In reference to these ads, William Shatner shouted "The Colonel is breakdancing! Give me a break!" in the song "I Can't Get Behind That"[20]
The animated Colonel is uncommon today. Still using a humorous slant, the current KFC campaign revolves mostly around customers enjoying the food. It also features a modified version of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama" as the theme song for practically all its commercials, though the restaurant actually hails from Kentucky.
In 2006, KFC claimed to have made the first logo visible from outer space, though Readymix has had one since 1965.[21][22] KFC says "[It] marked the official debut of a massive global re-image campaign that will contemporize 14,000-plus KFC restaurants in over 80 countries over the next few years." The logo was built from 65,000 one-foot-square tiles, and it took six days on site to construct in early November. The logo measured a record-breaking 87,500 square feet (8,130 m2),[citation needed] and was placed in the Mojave Desert near Rachel, Nevada.[23]
Many KFC locations are co-located with one or more of Yum! Brands restaurants, Long John Silvers, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, or A&W Restaurants. Many of these locations behave like a single restaurant, offering a single menu with food items from both restaurants.[24]
The resurrected Kentucky Fried Chicken logo
One of KFC's latest advertisements is a commercial advertising its "wicked crunch box meal". The commercial features a fictional black metal band called "Hellvetica" performing live, the lead singer then swallows fire. The commercial then shows the lead singer at a KFC eating the "wicked crunch box meal" and saying "Oh man that is hot".
In 2007, the original, non-acronymic Kentucky Fried Chicken name was resurrected and began to reappear on company marketing literature and food packaging, as well as some restaurant signage.
hai.
this about grunge..
Grunge (sometimes referred to as the Seattle Sound) is a subgenre of alternative rock that emerged during the mid-1980s in the American state of Washington, particularly in the Seattle area. Inspired by hardcore punk, heavy metal, indie rock and noise rock, grunge is generally characterized by heavily distorted electric guitars, contrasting song dynamics, and apathetic or angst-filled lyrics. The grunge aesthetic is stripped-down compared to other forms of rock music, and many grunge musicians were noted for their unkempt appearances and rejection of theatrics.
The early grunge movement coalesced around Seattle independent record label Sub Pop in the late 1980s. Grunge became commercially successful in the first half of the 1990s, due mainly to the release of Nirvana's Nevermind and Pearl Jam's Ten. The success of these bands boosted the popularity of alternative rock and made grunge the most popular form of hard rock music at the time. However, many grunge bands were uncomfortable with this popularity. Although most grunge bands had disbanded or faded from view by the late 1990s, their influence continues to impact modern rock music.
that all.
are u ready to war?no?
here i wanna share with u about conventional weapons and secret weapons...u can find more about secret weapon at www.secretweapon.com
-OICW(Objective Individual Combat Weapon)
1.The Perfect Infantry Weapon
The OICW is a next generate weapon. The ammo actually has a computer on-board. You thought smart bombs were cool. Well, this gun takes smart weapons to the next level. Imagine being in a sniper fight with your enemy. Both your enemy and you are hiding behind heavy bullet proof shelters. But you have the advantage. You have a OICW. Your weapon has a built-in range finder. Now that you know the distance between you and your enemy, for example 720 feet away. You don't need to directly hit him if he is hiding behind something. You point your gun over his position or behind him. The gun actually programs the ammo to explode at 725 feet which will blast shrapnel all over. With the OICW, line of sight is no longer a rule for sniper fights!
2.The Smart Ammo
The Ammo that knows when to explode and become shrapnel. When you don't have a clear shot. Switching to the 20MM explosive round. Each round of Smart Ammo has an on-board computer and costs $25.00. The OICW holds a clip of 6 x 20MM smart ammo.
History of the OICW
First conceived in the early 1990s. First prototype capably of firing was in 1997. The maker estimates they will be fully tested and deployed by 2006.
-BIOLOGICAL WEAPON
The agents
Biological weapons contain living bacterial or viral organisms, or the toxins produced by them. The toxins are generally the most lethal and act the quickest, producing incapacitation or death within minutes or hours. Bacterial and viral pathogens require an incubation period of 24 hours to six weeks before the appearance of symptoms.
Bacterial agents include anthrax, meloidosis, pneumonic plague and glanders.
Viral agents include smallpox, yellow fever, equine encephalitis and influenza.
Toxins include botulinum toxin, ricin and mycotoxins.
-NAVEL POWER
1.Aircraft carriers
Since World War II, U.S. naval doctrine has been built around the aircraft carrier and the submarine, with surface vessels in a support role. The Tomahawk missile has changed that somewhat, but the carrier is still the queen of the fleet. The newest and most numerous carriers in the fleet are the eight nuclear-powered Nimitz class vessels
2.Ticonderoga class cruisers
With only a few older exceptions, the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser is the Navy's primary large surface ship. Twenty-seven are now in the fleet with none under construction. These ships, once used to engage enemy surface units and to support amphibious landings, now have the power to launch dozens of Tomahawk cruise missiles thousands of miles into enemy territory.
3.Destroyers
Several classes of guided-missile destroyers are still in service in the U.S. Navy, but the Arleigh Burke class is rapidly replacing older ships. Destroyers once served primarily to escort carriers, provide anti-aircraft defense and hunt submarines. Today, like larger cruisers, they're equipped with long-range Tomahawk cruise missiles.
4.Frigates
Frigates, traditionally a bit smaller and faster than destroyers, are likely to be phased out over the next generation. However, as late as 1987 the Navy was launching ships of the Oliver Hazard Perry class. These ships today serve primarily for anti-submarine warfare, patrol and anti-aircraft in carrier task forces. Britain has based frigates in the Gulf region.
5.Mine Countermeasures Ships
The U.S. task force group has 2 Avenger class mine countermeasures vessels, the USS Ardent and the USS Dextrous. These ships are designed to clear mines from vital waterways.
6.Attack submarines
Attack submarines are designed to seek and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships. Since the advent of the Tomahawk missile, however, they have become land-attack vessels as well.
7.HMS Illustrious
The largest Royal Navy task force assembled since the 1982 Falklands War happened to be in the Arabian Sea when the attacks on the United States took place. Britain has extended their stay -- originally part of an exercise with the Gulf state of Oman that also included 22,000 British troops -- and has said they are available to support U.S. forces if needed.
-AIR POWER
1.AC-130
The AC-130 gunship's primary missions are close air support, air interdiction and force protection. Missions in close air support are troops in contact, convoy escort and urban operations. Air interdiction missions are conducted against preplanned targets or targets of opportunity. Force protection missions include air base defense and facilities defense. F-117 Stealth fighter
2.The F-117A Nighthawk is the world's first operational aircraft designed to exploit low-observable stealth technology. It was used for the first time in Panama in 1989 and extensively in the Gulf War. The larger bomber version, the B-2 Stealth bomber, is not deployed in the gulf.B-2 "Spirit" Stealth bomber
3.The B-2 bomber quickly became the mainstay of the U.S. Air Force after making its debut in the Kosovo conflict. In that conflict, it changed the face of tactical military doctrine by flying all of its missions from bases in the United States, refueling in the air along the way. The United States now has 21 on active service.F/A-18 Hornet
4.The F/A-18C Hornet is an all-weather, multirole light fighter and attack aircraft. It was designed for traditional strike applications such as interdiction and close air support without compromising its fighter capabilities.F-14 Tomcat
5.The F-14 Tomcat is a supersonic, twin-engine, variable sweep-wing, two-place fighter designed to attack and destroy enemy aircraft at night and in all weather conditions. The F-14 can track up to 24 targets simultaneously with its advanced weapons-control system and attack six with Phoenix AIM-54A missiles while continuing to scan the airspace. Armament also includes a mix of other air intercept missiles, rockets and bombs.F-15 Eagle
6.The F-15 Eagle is an all-weather, extremely maneuverable, tactical fighter designed to gain and maintain air superiority in aerial combat. It's out of production for the United States but has spawned lucrative export versions operated by Israel, Saudi Arabia and several NATO air forces. F-16 Falcon fighter
7.The F-16 Fighting Falcon is a compact, multirole fighter aircraft. It is highly maneuverable and has proven itself in air-to-air combat and air-to-surface attacks. It provides a relatively low-cost, high-performance weapon system for the United States and allied nations. With the Soviet MiG-29, it is the world's premier fighter aircraft. B-1 bomber Lancer
8.The B-1B is a long-range strategic bomber, capable of flying intercontinental missions without refueling, then penetrating present and future sophisticated enemy defenses. It can perform a variety of missions, including that of a conventional weapons carrier for theater operations. The bombers were involved in a series of controversial crashes early in its lifetime and were a highly debated and expensive addition to the U.S. arsenal. B-52 Stratofortress
9.The B-52 is a long-range, heavy bomber that can perform a variety of missions. The bomber is capable of flying at high subsonic speeds at altitudes up to 50,000 feet. It can carry nuclear or conventional ordnance with worldwide precision navigation capability. It was the primary long-range nuclear bomber of the Cold War and was used intensively both in Vietnam and the Gulf War. A-10 Thunderbolt
10.The A-10, flown by the U.S. Air Force, is a "tank-buster." They're designed for close air support of ground forces. They are simple, effective and survivable twin-engine jet aircraft that can be used against all ground targets, including tanks and other armored vehicles. C-2A Greyhound
11.The twin-engine C-2A Greyhound cargo aircraft provides critical logistics support to aircraft carriers. Its primary mission is onboard delivery. Powered by two T-6 turboprop engines, the C-2A can deliver a payload of up to 10,000 pounds. The cabin can readily accommodate cargo, passengers or both. It is also equipped to accept litter patients in medical evacuation missions. EA-6B Prowler
12.The EA-6B Prowler provides an umbrella of protection over strike aircraft and ships by jamming enemy radar, electronic data links and communications. The EA-6B Prowler is a twin-engine, mid-wing aircraft designed for carrier and advanced base operations with a fully integrated electronic warfare system combining long-range, all-weather capabilities with advanced electronic countermeasures. A forward equipment bay and pod-shaped faring on the vertical fin, house the additional avionics equipment. The side-by-side cockpit arrangement gives maximum efficiency, visibility and comfort E-2C Hawkeye
13.The E-2C Hawkeye is the Navy's all-weather, carrier-based tactical warning and control system aircraft. Additional missions include surface surveillance coordination, strike and interceptor control, search and rescue guidance and communications relay. An integral component of the carrier air wing, the E-2C uses computerized sensors to provide early warning, threat analyses and control of counteraction against air and surface targets.Harrier jump jet
14.The AV-8B Harrier "jump jet" can take off and land vertically on a space only a bit larger than itself. The Royal Navy flies a Sea Harrier variant off of its aircraft carriers. Those deployed in the Gulf, however, are operated by the U.S. Marines from amphibious assault ships. India's navy also operates the jet. S-3B Viking
15.The Vikings are used in the detection and attack of submarines. The extremely versatile Viking also is used as an armed scout in the anti-surface role, as well as tanking, mining and limited electronic surveillance.SH-60F Seahawk
16.The Seahawks are used for anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue, anti-ship warfare, cargo lift and special operations. (This is the naval version of the more widely known Army helicopter, the AH-60 Blackhawk.)ES-3B Shadow
17.TThe ES-3B Shadow is used for reconnaissance. The ES-3 is a carrier-based subsonic, all-weather, long-range, electronic reconnaissance aircraft. It operates primarily with carrier battle groups providing Indications and Warning (I&W) support to the battle group and joint theater commanders. It carries an extensive suite of electronic sensors and communications gear.
-MISSLES/BOMBS
1.Tomahawk cruise missile
Used for long-range, subsonic land-attack warfare.
2.Air Launched Cruise Missile
The ALCS is launched from B-52 or B-1B bombers and is capable of flying thousands of miles while hugging terrain and evading radar. It is considered, with the Navy's Tomahawk, the most accurate missile in existence. However, the ALCS is capable of delivering a warhead twice the size of that on the Tomahawk -- 2,000 pounds as opposed to 1,000 pounds.
3.Patriot air-defense missiles
The Patriot anti-missile gained fame during the Gulf War, when the missiles were used extensively in an effort to protect Israel and coalition bases in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Bahrain from Iraqi Scud missile attacks. Their effectiveness then was not great but since they have been improved. The United States has been working with Israeli engineers on a next generation anti-missile system known as the Arrow.
4.AGM-88 HARM missile system
Used for air-to-surface anti-radiation attacks on hostile radar installations
5.AGM-65 Maverick guided missile
Air-to-surface, laser-guided missile is used to attack and destroy armor, air defenses, ships, ground transportation and fuel installations.
6.AIM-9 Sidewinder missile
Used as a heat-seeking, air-to-air missile.
7.Joint Stand Off Weapon (JSOW)
JSOW is a recently developed family of kinematically efficient, air-to-surface glide weapons, in the 1,000-lb class, that provide standoff capabilities from 15 nautical miles (low-altitude launch) to 40 nautical miles (high-altitude launch). The JSOW will be used against a variety of land and sea targets and will operate from ranges outside enemy-point defenses. The JSOW is a launch-and-leave weapon that employs a tightly coupled Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System, and is capable of day/night and adverse weather operations.
8.AIM-54 Phoenix missile
Used as a long-range, air-launched air intercept missile
9.Harpoon and Harpoon/SLAM missile systems
Used as an air-, surface- or submarine-launched anti-surface (anti-ship) cruise missile. The AGM-85E used as a surface-launched precision land attack cruise missile.
10.Sparrow missile
Used as an air-to-air and surface-to-air radar-guided missile.
11.Bunker busters
The U.S. developed a gigantic bomb whose characteristics remain classified to destroy bunkers of the Iraqi military during the Gulf War. The bomb, which is guided by lasers to its target, is known as a GBU-28 and could be used against caves or deep bunkers in Afghanistan.
12.Cluster bombs
Cluster bombs -- highly controversial because of the high percentage that do not explode and remain dangerous long after the battle ends -- are generally used against troop formations. The bombs explode, spreading smaller bomblets over a wide area.
-GROUND FORCES
1.Ground Troops
The men that power all weapons and do the hand to hand combat. No war can be won without execellant ground troops.
2.M1 Abrams tank
The main battle tank of the U.S. Army carries a 120 mm laser-guided gun with rapid-fire, on-the-move capability. The tank costs about $4.3 million, weighs 70 tons and is very difficult to deploy in remote areas. About 7,600 are in service. Some 7,000 older M-60 tanks also remain in service.
3.Bradley fighting vehicle
A light tank-armored personnel carrier hybrid. There are some 6,700 in service. In Central Asia's terrain, the Bradley's maneuverability may be a major asset.
4.Artillery
The U.S. Army maintains 3,000 fixed guns up to 155 mm, 5,000 more self-propelled weapons, including 29 huge 203 mm M-110s, and 2,000 large mortars.
5.Anti-tank missiles
T8,000 TOW missiles; 24,000 Dragon and 500 Javelin missiles.
6.Anti-aircraft missiles
The U.S. Army maintains about 500 Patriot missile batteries and more than 10,000 smaller Stinger, Avenger and Linebacker missiles.
7.AH-64 Apache
More than 800 of these fast attack helicopters in various configurations are in service. They are used to kill tanks and support ground forces with missile and gunfire.
8.AH-1 Cobra
About 450 Cobra and SuperCobra light attack helicopters are in service with the Army and Marines. They are used primarily to suppress ground fire.
9.UH-60 Blackhawk
About 1,500 of these large transport-attack helicopters are in service, many with special forces and air cavalry units.
-SURVAILENCE
Surveillance: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are used by the U.S. military to glean intelligence on enemy forces. The UAVs can transmit data, fulfilling roles in missions considered too dangerous for manned aircraft.
1.Black Widow
The Black Widow is a short-distance micro-air vehicle that transmits images via radio frequency to ground-control unit.
2.Hunter
The Hunter is an unmanned aerial vehicle that provides near real-time imagery of ground forces in both day and night. Each aircraft is intended to operate with additional Hunter UAVs.
3.Predator
The Predator is an unmanned aerial vehicle that provides high-resolution video, infrared, and radar imagery in real-time via satellite. Built-in lasers can provide targeting for laser-guided bombs.
4.Global Hawk
The Global Hawk, a high-altitude, long-range, fully automatic unmanned aerial vehicle, provides high-resolution imagery in real-time via satellite.
now, u know about war's equipments and weapons...about practice u can play counter strike and red alerts or another command and conquer game...
beat me!
CAREER CHANGE DO'S AND DON'TS
•Do have a well-developed plan for making your career change. And don't rush into a career change until you have thought it out and developed a strategy.
•Don't worry if you feel a bit insecure or unsure about making a career change; these feelings are normal.
•Do expect to put in a great deal of time and effort in making the switch from one career to another, but don't allow yourself to get discouraged at the pace or your progress…changing careers takes time.
•Don't rush into a new career field because you are dissatisfied or disillusioned with your current job, boss, company, or career field.
•Do take the time to examine the activities that you like and dislike, with more focus on your likes. And do focus on new careers that center around your likes and passions. (For assistance, do read Finding Your Career Passion.)
•Do leverage some of your current skills and experiences to your new career by taking advantage of your transferable skills.
•Don't limit yourself to similar careers or jobs when making a career change; look for careers that take advantage of both your skills and your interests.
•Do consider the possibility that you will need to get additional training or education to gain the skills you need to be competitive in your new career field, but don't jump headfirst into an educational program…start slowly.
•Do take advantage of all your networking potential, including using your current network of contacts, conducting informational interviews with key employers in your new career field, and joining professional organizations in your new career field. (And do read more about networking.)
•Don't forget to take advantage of the career and alumni offices from your previous educational experiences as well as your current school (if you are going back for additional education or training).
•Do gain experience in your new career field, ideally while you are still working in your current job. Volunteer or find a part-time job in your new career field -- thus building experience, confidence, and contacts in your new field.
•Don't go it alone; do find a mentor. Changing careers is challenging, and you really need to have someone who can help motivate you and keep you focused on your goal when you get discouraged.
•Do brush up on all aspects of job-hunting, especially if you haven't had a need to use those skills recently. And do take advantage of all career change resources.
•Do take advantage of all the career change advice available in these career change books.
•Above all else, do be flexible. You're basically starting your career anew, which means you may have to make concessions about job titles, salary, relocation, etc.
*miEyda*
Prevent Colds and the Flu
1.Wash your hands and wash them often.
2.Wash your hands twice every time you wash them.
3. Use this hand-drying strategy in public restrooms.
4.Carry hand sanitizer with you
5. Use your knuckle to rub your eyes.
6.Run your toothbrush through the microwave on high for 10 seconds to kill germs that can cause colds and other illnesses.
7. Get a flu shot every fall.
8. Stop blaming yourself when things go wrong at work.
9. Put a box of tissues wherever people sit.
10. Leave the windows in your house open a crack in winter.
11. Lower the heat in your house 5 degrees
12. Speaking of which, buy a hygrometer.
13. Sit in a sauna once a week.
14. Inhale air from your blow-dryer.
15. Take a garlic supplement every day.
16. Eat a container of yogurt every day.
17. Once a day, sit in a quiet, dim room, close your eyes, and focus on one word.
18. Scrub under your fingernails every night
19. Change or wash your hand towels every three or four days during cold and flu season.
20. At the very first hint of a cold, launch the following preventive blitz. Here's how:
21. Wipe your nose -- don't blow.
22. Sneeze and cough into your arm or a tissue.
23. Don't pressure your doctor for antibiotics.
Salam and good morning to my beloved friends and Madam Noli..
I would like to talk about my article and conclude it..Its told us what we should to and what we should'nt do to achieve success in careers..Nowadays,many people worried about their careers and a lot of them do not have any work to do..So,the better ways is to search what is the keys to be success in ours careers..
*miEyda*
History of Kelantan...
The name Kelantan is said to be a corruption of gelam hutan, i.e. the Malay word for the cajuput, or swamp tea tree (Melaleuca leucadendron). Other theories claim the name comes from the Malay word kilatan, 'shiny/glittery' or kolam tanah, 'clay pool'.
The early history of Kelantan traces distinct human settlement dating back to prehistoric times. Early Kelantan had links to the Funan Kingdom, the Khmer Empire, Srivijaya and Siam. Around 1411, Raja Kumar, the ruler of Kelantan, became independent of Siam, and Kelantan became an important centre of trade by the end of the 15th century.
In 1499, Kelantan became a vassal state of the Malacca Sultanate. With the fall of Malacca in 1511, Kelantan was divided up and ruled by petty chieftains, paying tribute to Patani, which in turn was a vassal of Siam ruling from Ayuthaya. In 1603, most of these petty Kelantan chiefs became subject to Patani.
Around 1760, a chieftain of Kubang Labu in Kelantan succeeded in unifying the territory of the present Kelantan. Shortly thereafter, in 1764, Long Yunos was appointed as the Penghulu of Kota Bharu while his brother, Nik Muhammadiah, ruled as Sultan Muhammad I of Legeh in Ayer Lanas. Nik Muhammadiah or Sultan Muhammad I, officially became the first sultan of Kelantan.
In 1812, Long Senik, the adopted son of Mohammad I, sided with the Thais and was appointed by them as the Sultan of Kelantan, known as Sultan Muhammad II. He broke from Terengganu's influence and became a tributary of the Thais. In the 1820s, Kelantan was one of the most populous and prosperous states in the Malay Peninsula, having avoided the wars and disputes which plagued the southern and western states. Thais continued to play their role in manipulating Kelantan throughout the 19th century.
Under the terms of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, the Thais surrendered its claims over Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis to Great Britain, and Kelantan thus became one of the Unfederated Malay States with a British Adviser.
Kelantan was the first place in Malaya to be occupied by the Japanese, who invaded on December 8, 1941. During the Japanese occupation, Kelantan came again under control of Siam, but after the defeat of Japan in August 1945, Kelantan reverted to British rule.
Kelantan became part of the Federation of Malaya on February 1, 1948 and together with other states attained independence on August 31, 1957. On September 16, 1963, Kelantan became one of the component states of Malaysia.
The power of prayer
Want to live seven years longer? Start praying. We're not joking here; seven years is the increase in lifespan you can expect if you nurture your soul and your health through prayer, faith, and religious involvement, according to various studies. For one thing, research shows a strong connection between heart health and religious faith. In one study, people who went into open-heart surgery and reported feeling strength and comfort from their religion were three times more likely to survive the surgery than people with no such spiritual grounding.If there's a placebo effect at work here—if people get better because they believe they will—who's to argue with the benefits? Whether praying calms you, gives you hope, or helps you tend to your inner self, if you feel you're getting something out of it, it's time well spent.
HISTORY OF PERAK
Perak's known civilization dates back to the 15th century, and right up to the 18th century it had a colourful history of politics and power struggles. The first governments were based in Bruas and Manjung in the 15th century.
The present Sultanate of Perak dates back to 1528 when Sultan Muzaffar the eldest son of the last Sultan of Malacca, established his dynasty on the banks of the Perak river.
Perak's great wealth in tin put her in a state of constant threat from the Thais in the north and the Achehnese and Bugis in the south during the 16th to 18th centuries. During the 1700s, the Dutch had also tried unsuccessfully to monopolise the tin trade.
The rich deposits of tin drew a great number of Chinese miners to Perak who soon formed rival clans fighting for dominion over the mines. This constant warring and lawlessness and a power struggle between the successors to the Perak throne, gave the British administrators at the time the opportunity to intervene.
At the signing of the Pangkor Treaty in 1874, the British governor Sir Andrew Clarke installed Sultan Abdullah on the throne with the condition that he accepted a British Resident.
The British soon put an administration in place to govern the state for the sultan. The first resident JWW Birch, disliked for high-handedness, was assassinated in 1875. The British sent troops to maintain order and exiled Sultan Abdullah.
Birch's successor the new Resident, Hugh Low, a more able administrator, ensured greater control over the mines, kept the chiefs in order, imposed taxes and regulated the affairs of the state. Perak prospered under his administration and Malaya saw its first railway line built from Taiping to Port Weld in 1885. It ensured faster movement of tin to the ports and hence greater production.
In 1896, Perak became a member of the Federated Malay States until the Japanese Occupation.
>> Perak is my hometown and i loving it..
10 Habits of "Naturally Thin" People
Small Changes, Big Weight Loss
This is not a diet -- or a rigorous exercise program. (Nobody can stick to those for long.) Instead, it's a simple way to make weight loss a natural part of the life you already live. And guess what? It's fun! You don't have to give up the foods you love or join a gym. It's about balancing calories in tiny ways that add up to big benefits. You just adopt some tricks naturally lean people do. Pick the ones you like, stick with them, and you'll slim down and tone up -- for good!
Must Read
50 Habits of "Naturally Thin" People
Make these weight-loss tips a part of your daily routine!
By Cynthia Dermody
From Reader's Digest
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Small Changes, Big Weight Loss
This is not a diet -- or a rigorous exercise program. (Nobody can stick to those for long.) Instead, it's a simple way to make weight loss a natural part of the life you already live. And guess what? It's fun! You don't have to give up the foods you love or join a gym. It's about balancing calories in tiny ways that add up to big benefits. You just adopt some tricks naturally lean people do. Pick the ones you like, stick with them, and you'll slim down and tone up -- for good!
Credit: Ole Graf/zefa/Corbis
Morning Makeover
1. Wake-up workout When your eyes open, sit up slowly without using your hands. With legs straight out, lean forward until you feel a gentle stretch in your back and hamstrings. Hold; then, using your abs, lower yourself flat. Rest and repeat two more times. Strengthens core. Burns 10 calories
2. Go for the grains Not ready for Twigs & Rocks cereal? Sprinkle on a few tablespoons of wheat germ or oat bran. Work up to 3/4 cup of low-sugar whole-grain cereal with at least three grams of fiber per serving, and you'll pass on that Danish. Saves 100
3. Add some protein The more you eat earlier on, the less you eat as the day wears on, research has shown. So after your cereal, add a hard-boiled egg or a part-skim mozzarella cheese stick to keep you feeling full -- and away from that pre-lunch brownie. Saves 200 (or more)
4. Balance booster While you brush your teeth, alternate standing on one leg as you switch mouth quadrants (every 30 seconds). Balancing develops your core muscles and may even be good for your brain. Burns 10
5. Be a ballerina As your coffee drips, stand sideways, put one hand on the counter, and lift the outside leg straight out in front of you, keeping it extended. With upper body straight, hold for a few seconds and move it to the side; hold and extend it behind you. Do five to ten times on each leg. Tones outer thighs, hip flexors and quadriceps. Burns 10
6. Coffee saver Instead of pouring that 1/3 cup of half-and-half (a whopping 105 calories!) into your mug, replace it with the same amount of 2% milk. Saves 60
7. Better your bagel You can walk 10,000 steps to justify your 500-calorie bagel with cream cheese, or try this: low-fat spreadable cheese like Laughing Cow Light on an English muffin. Saves 300
Nine-to-Five Fixes
8. Tone in traffic Use the time spent bumper-to-bumper to develop your buns of steel: Squeeze your derrière each time you tap the brake, holding for 10 seconds. Shoot for 10 to 15 squeezes a trip. Burns 10
9. Snack smarter Portion out the day's snacks into pint-size zip bags, or buy single-serving portions. For example, four regular Oreos have 200 calories versus the 100-calorie snack bag version. Go for the lower fat chips: a Lay's Light bag has only 75 calories, while the regular has 150. Saves 175 (over two snacks)
10. Casual day payoff You will blast more calories during the day wearing comfy clothes like jeans or khakis, sport shirts and soft-soled shoes than donning constricting suits, skirts and heels. Why? Because you walk more, a study found. Now you just have to convince the boss. Burns 25
miaaaw..
THE POWER RANGERS
A Power Ranger is a fictional individual who "Morphs" from an unpowered form into a powerful superhero usually wearing a brightly colored battle suit usually made of spandex featuring a helmet with an opaque visor.[3] In many cases, the helmet serves to protect his or her secret identity. (In some cases, more powerful Rangers may have extra shielding on their suit to protect them from strong blows.)
A morphed Ranger generally possesses superhuman strength, durability, and hand-to-hand combat ability; unmorphed Rangers may possess other innate abilities such as telekinesis,[4] super speed,[5] invisibility[6] that are usually not directly related to his or her Ranger powers.
Rangers appear to retain their original physiology beneath their suits when in morphed form, as Rangers' helmets have been seen removed or broken on numerous occasions[7], revealing his or her natural form underneath.[8] Helmets aside, the suits are donned and removed nearly instantaneously with a glow of light or some other effect. Sometimes, Rangers "de-morph" involuntarily due to powerful physical attacks.
Rangers regularly operate in teams of five, with a special sixth Ranger frequently joining the team part way into the series;[9] More recently a core team of three will later be joined by additional Rangers. Each Ranger's suit and energy spectrum will match a specific color, with red, yellow, and blue being joined by some combination of pink, green, black, or white. Rangers may be named after their respective colors, such as Red Ranger, Blue Ranger, etc., but numbers or other names may also be used. There is usually no more than one Ranger of a given color on a team, but exceptions of this rule are generally given alternate names (in Time Force, there were two Rangers with red-colored costumes; the first was the Red Time Force Ranger, the second was the Quantum Ranger). Each team's costumes are nearly identical aside from color, helmet design (most notably the shape of the opaque visor) and perhaps a numerical designation. Any additional Rangers will regularly have additional costume modifications, usually some form of additional armor.
The Rangers' color designation also influences their wardrobe throughout the series, as their civilian clothing is often the same color as their Ranger color. This correlation was joked about in Dino Thunder when Tommy Oliver (a former Green Ranger, White Ranger, and twice a Red Ranger) became the new Black Dino Ranger; he said that he had to go shopping because he did not own enough black-colored clothing.
>>i do love watching power rangers tv show. i love power rangers very much especially red ranger.haha
assalamualaikum and good evening..
Ambrose Bierce
The Hare and The Tortoise
A Hare having ridiculed the slow movements of a Tortoise, was challenged by the latter to run a race, a Fox to go to the goal and be the judge. They got off well together, the hare at the top of her speed, the Tortoise, who had no other intention than making his antagonist exert herself, going very leisurely. After sauntering along for some time he discovered the Hare by the wayside, apparently asleep, and seeing a chance to win pushed on as fast as he could, arriving at the goal hours afterward, suffering from extreme fatigue and claiming the victory.
"Not so," said the Fox; "the Hare was here long ago, and went back to cheer you on your way."
SHALIN Zulkifli is known as the DIAMOND for her bowling prowess and she hopes to live up to her nickname when she starts her campaign at the seven-round Professional Bowlers' Association (PBA) Women's Tour in the United States.
SHALIN Zulkifli is a well known bowler in Malaysia. she is the only one Asian in the 16-bowler field. However, after go for seven-round Professional Bowlers' Association (PBA) Women's Tour in the United States she decided to live up to her nickname. She set a target that willing to win at least one round at semi-finals of the PBA Women's trials letr in August. After she was given the nicname 'Black Pearl' by a Taiwanese coach, she believing she will successful in her bowling future. She was trying to have the competition with other professional tournaments in every country in order to gain more experience on bowling. Faithfully, her next competition will be on the PBA World Championships in Wichita on Oct 19-26. So, she promise she will try her best to win all the competition that will coming on.
Punk ideologies
Punk ideologies are a group of varied social and political beliefs associated with the punk subculture. This article provides a rough generalization of the philosophies of individuals who identify themselves as punks and doesn't completely represent the views of all of those who do so.
In its original nature, the punk culture has been primarily concerned with individual freedom, which tends to create beliefs in concepts such as individualism, anti-authoritarianism, anarchism and free thought. Punk ideologies have often included a critical view of the world; seeing modern day societies as placing extensive limits on humanity. Punk ideologies are usually expressed through punk rock music, punk zines, independently-published literature and spoken word recordings.
Punk culture originated as a movement of shock, rebellion, and discontent; and from certain points-of-view, it has evolved into an overt socio-political movement. Lyrically, punk bands often express discontent with the individuals and institutions that influence society. The political ideology most often associated with punk is anarchism; however, punk has also been associated with other leftist ideologies such as social liberalism, socialism and communism. Despite the association that punk ideologies have with the left wing, some punks perceive the efforts of leftists as ineffectual, and sometimes just as objectionable as the right wing. Right-wing ideologies have appeared within punk culture, including conservatism and neo-Nazism.
Philosophical ideologies within the punk subculture include atheism, agnosticism and humanism,
what is hovercraft?....
A hovercraft is an amphibious vehicle that is supported by a cushion of slightly pressurized air. Although often seen as a mysterious, even bizarre mode of transportation, it is conceptually quite simple.
To understand how hovercraft work, it is necessary to realize that the dynamics are more closely related to aircraft than to boats or automobiles. As a member of a family of air cushion vehicles (ACVs) or Ground Affect machines, which includes wing-in-ground-effect or ram wings, surface effect ships, sidewall hovercraft, and surface skimmers, hovercraft, are the amphibious members of the air cushion vehicle family. They are the most novel among vehicles that are supported by pressurized air. Refer to the illustration below as you read about exactly how hovercraft work.
Hovercraft float on a cushion of air that has been forced under the craft by a fan. This causes the craft to rise or lift. The amount of lift can range from 6" to 108" (152mm to 2,743mm) depending on the size of the hovercraft. The amount of total weight that a hovercraft can raise is equal to cushion pressure multiplied by the area of the hovercraft. To make the craft function more efficiently, it is necessary to limit the cushion air from escaping, so the air is contained by the use of what is called a hovercraft skirt. Fashioned from fabric, which allows a deep cushion or clearance of obstacles, hovercraft skirts vary in style ranging from bags to cells (jupes) to separate fingered sections called segments.
Once "lifted" or "on cushion", thrust must be created to move the hovercraft forward. With many craft, this is generated by a separate engine from the one used to create the lift, but with some, the same engine is used for both. As the diagram above indicates, the fan-generated air stream is split so that part of the air is directed under the hull for lift, while most of it is used for thrust.
Now that the hovercraft has lift and thrust, it must be steered safely. This is achieved through the use of a system of rudders behind the fan, controlled by handlebars up front. Steering can also be controlled by the use of body weight displacement ... a skill which is achieved after practice.
handphine company...sony Ericsson
this is a large handphone company that supplys a lot of handphone...this is little bit about the company history.Sony Ericsson is a joint venture established on October 3, 2001 by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to make mobile phones. The stated reason for this venture is to combine Sony's consumer electronics expertise with Ericsson's technological leadership in the communications sector. Both companies have stopped making their own mobile phones.
The company's global management is based in Hammersmith, London, and it has research & development teams in Sweden, Japan, China, Germany, the United States, India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom. As of 2007, it was the fourth-largest cellphone manufacturer in the world after Nokia, Motorola and Samsung.
Sony was a marginal player in the worldwide cell phone market with a share of less than 1 percent in 2000. It was also struggling in this area with losses but wanted to focus more in this area. In April 2001, Sony confirmed that it was in talks with Ericsson for a possible collaboration in the handset business. This was soon after Toshiba and Siemens had announced plans in November 2000 to work together on handsets for 3G mobile networks.
By August 2001, the two companies had finalized the terms of the merger announced in April. The company was to have an initial workforce of 3,500 employees.
Today i had read an interesting news. The news is about teacher dies in burning car.
The victim's name is Jasman Imran. He was trapped inside his car and burnt to death when his car caught fire following an accident at 64km Jalan Sandakan-Lahad Datu.
According to Kinabatangan police chief DSP Jaini Abdul Kadir the incident happened at about 1.30pm when the car driven by Jasman crashed head-on with a four-wheel-drive vehicle that came from the opposite direction.
After the impact, Jasman’s Perodua Myvi was engulfed in flames and the unfortunate victim was trapped inside.
According to Jaini, the victim was heading to the town of Kota Kinabatangan while the four-wheel-drive was heading towards Sandakan. He added that the driver and passengers of the four-wheel drive escaped with minor injuries while the remains of Jasman was sent to the Kinabatangan Hospital
Today I have read an article about internet hacking.
Sound interesting to me. Actually my dream is to become a computer expertise. I love everything about computer. Hacking sounds good to. Unfortunately, there are a lot of internet hackers out there use their hacking skills to deceive people for money. How sad!
The article I have read is from nzherald.co.nz site. Like people said, we can't escape from punishment. The articles says that an east Auckland computer hacker, who scammed hundreds of thousands dollars and attracted the FBI to New Zealand, has been jailed for three years.
What a waste. Such a brilliant brain should use their skills to do good things and help people. With such a genius brain, he could create something that brings benefits to the whole world.
Moral of the story is, do not use your brain in the wrong way to get money. Of course the advantage can be gotten, but there is always punishment waiting for the guilty people. When it happened, there is no turning back.
>palie<
Today I have read an article about internet hacking.
Sound interesting to me. Actually my dream is to become a computer expertise. I love everything about computer. Hacking sounds good to. Unfortunately, there are a lot of internet hackers out there use their hacking skills to deceive people for money. How sad!
The article I have read is from nzherald.co.nz site. Like people said, we can't escape from punishment. The articles says that an east Auckland computer hacker, who scammed hundreds of thousands dollars and attracted the FBI to New Zealand, has been jailed for three years.
What a waste. Such a brilliant brain should use their skills to do good things and help people. With such a genius brain, he could create something that brings benefits to the whole world.
Moral of the story is, do not use your brain in the wrong way to get money. Of course the advantage can be gotten, but there is always punishment waiting for the guilty people. When it happened, there is no turning back.
>Fadhli<
ME08073
I have read about a blog that told about Anwar Ibrahim's relationship with head of World Bank or IMF, Paul Wolfowitz.
The blog has taken an article titled "Malaysia’s Anwar Ibrahim:Wolfowitz’s Knife in Asia’s Back" by Mike Billington.
What I read is not all about politics but it is about our nations future generation that will face more obstacle if Anwar take lead of our nation.
Im quite sure that all of us know about money problem held by Indonesia till now mostly cause by IMF. They create chaos in asian's stock(George Soros), then they acts like helping countries by giving monetary loans, with high interest.
Surely all of us did not want our country to turn up like Indonesia, poor getting poorer and rich people living in luxury. I really hope that no bad thing happened to our nation.
One more thing, blog is not really something we can prove, so i hope that the future leader of the nation will be pointed upon to someone patriotic, charismatics and have a good leadership
Comment 7
Assalamualaikum
In my opinion, tell me more its very good way to learn english. This is very useful for student like me. In tell more i can learn grammar, vocabulary, and speaking technic . it can use anytime and we can learn english without teacher and can learn at home. Its very fun. Its very useful for all student that want improve the language.
>fadhli<
ME08073
An Independence Day is an annual celebration observing the anniversary of a nation's independent statehood, usually after ceasing to be a colony or part of another state. All countries honor their respective independence day, celebrating it as a national holiday. The independence of Malaysia is different from that of the independence of other countries. It was a peaceful independence attained by holding talks with the British. Thus on 31 August 1957, Malaysia got its independence from the United Kingdom.The first Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj spearheaded the effort for independence, leading a delegation of ministers and political leaders of Malaya (now Malaysia) in negotiations with the British in London for Merdeka, or Independence.
Just when it became clear that the Communist threat posed during the Malayan Emergency was getting out of hand, agreement was reached on February 8, 1956, for Malaya to gain independence from the British Empire. But for some reason it was decided that the official proclamation of independence would be made the next year, on August 31, 1957, at Stadium Merdeka (Independence Stadium), in Kuala Lumpur.
On this glorious day Allahyarham Tunku Abdul Rahman proudly declared the independence day of Malaysia by shouting out "Merdeka" seven times at the Merdeka Stadium. Hari Merdeka meaning the Independence Day is the national day of Malaysia commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya from British colonial rule. In a larger perspective this day is celebrates the formation of Malaysia. On August 31, 2008, Malaysia will celebrate its 50 years of independence.
Hopefully we should always appreciate the mean of independence in our life..
>fadhli<
ME08073
Angkasawan Touch Down
Despite a harder than usual ‘ballistic landing’ (gee… try to visualise a ballistic landing) and 200km off course, the Soyuz capsule carrying Malaysia’s first cosmonaut safely landed at 6.37pm, 21 Oct 2007 - 11 days after blastoff from the same launch pad used by Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space, back in 1961.
By and large, most people I know are proud of this trip - some showed it more than others. However, there are also others who failed to appreciate our little space project - branding it unnecessary, waste of money and of little value. One comment posted to the previous entry by heikal said “…This is all to show off! He is just a space tourist, anyone fit and has money can go to space…”
Bro…what’s wrong with being a tourist. If I spend thousands of ringgit to visit Europe, Egypt or China - is that a waste of money? Of course the hard earned money can be spent on basic needs like food and stuff - but my travels over the year has made me wiser and broad minded - less of a katak di bawah tempurung. A better person I would like to think. I certainly don’t think that I’m being a show off.
It is naive for anyone to just look at Dr Muszaphar trip purely as sending one guy to hitch a ride to space. Do you know that many other malaysians get to participate in the program? There are many of our scientists and engineers who managed to access the highly guarded space know-how that has cost the Americans and Russians billions of dollars and took them 40+ years to develop. The value of knowledge gained by them plus that by Dr Sheikh - is priceless.
We don’t have to talk big and try to be the next space super power. Even if these knowledge enabled some entrepreneurial talents among us to do, say … manufacture and supply space fabrics or repair and maintain equipments for the upcoming space tourism industry, the income to the country will give ROI many times over the RM30 million spent. Too ambitious you say? Look at the business earned by AIROD and CTRM in the aviation industry. CTRM is making composite wing panels for the state-of-the-art A380 Airbus planes for a cool US$300 million.
What about you and me - normal people who just cheered at the TV screen Dataran Merdeka or in Serom 3, Muar? At the very least, this Angkasawan program give a morale boost and feel good factor. We sure do need them after strings of gruesome news of child killings, rape and accidents of recent time. It feels good walking around the world being a Malaysian - people know us and don’t look down on us. Maybe to us, KLCC Towers, F1 at Sepang, MSC etc don’t mean much - but trust me it helps when you are in New York and don’t have to explain where Malaysia is. Maybe now they will know us for the space program as well.
My 9 year old nephew has always been fascinated with space, stars etc. When asked what he’s going to be in the future, he proudly answers “An astronaut - like Star Trek” and his mum will shush him “Mengarutlah budak ni… tak masuk akal”. She is proud of him now and hopefully in 9 years time he will get the full support to make his dream come true.
Somebody also asked me, “Who’s your greatest space idol?” My answer is Prophet Muhammad who is the first (and only) man with recorded inter-galactic space travel during his Isra’ Mikraj journey. To and fro within 24 hours? It is still beyond our comprehension exactly how and what that is achieved. This space program allows us to take a small step towards understanding that and hopefully, we’ll make more progress in the future. Anyway, this is something for a different discussion.
Now…the ‘Malaysia Boleh’ chant may seem crude - but only if one has no dream and ambition. This simple chant is magical as one by one, layer by layer, it actually allows us to knock off the colonial inferiority complex and make us believe in ourselves. Go to space? Boleh! Build F1 tracks all over the world? Boleh Be world No 1 in sports? Boleh Conquer Everest and Antartica? Boleh.
If you dare not dream, how do you live?
Angkasawan Blastoff
Yesterday, 10/10/07, is the day when the first Malaysian will go to space. Dr Sheikh Muzaffar won the place after a unique nationwide public-call selection was held 2 years ago.
This maybe old news in USA where anyone can go to space by paying a fare of just $5 million (or something like that), but it certainly has caught the imagination of the people here.
Going to space? Where no one can hear you scream? That’s so orbit man.
I for one is envious of the charming Doc. Looking out the window at that blue orb down there
whilst floating in the air.
That has been one of my childhood dreams - stoked by the adventures of those TV series ‘Space 1999′ (wah… at that time year 1999 sounds sooo futuristic) and to a lesser extent ‘Lost In Space’. Except that I know for sure that I would have failed at round 2 of the selection process (especially those that involved physical stamina). I had a chance talking with Dr Sheikh at the time when he just came back the final 8 selection process in Lumut and let me tell you, it was tough physically and mentally.
Just look at the picture below of the Soyuz TMA-II spaceship, all ready to blast off tomorrow with the Malaysian flag proudly hoisted side by side with the American and Russian flags. Doesn’t it make you proud (if you’re a Malaysian of course).
“It’s too exciting to be cold,” said Shankini Dovaisingam, a Malaysian aerospace engineer observing the final preparations. “It’s amazing to see the Malaysian flag on a Soyuz spaceship.”
If you want to know what exactly they’ll be doing, check out the astronaut’s daily activities schedule from MyCen.
This flight actually get pretty good coverage from international media. Browsing the web, it seems however that they are more fascinated with the fact that Dr Sheikh is a Muslim and how is he going to perform his obligations, with fasting month, daily prayers and all.
Space.com highlighted that it’s not compulsory for him to fast . Tehran Times elaborated about the Malaysia’s comprehensive guidebook for Muslims in space called ‘Guidelines for Performing Islamic Rites at the International Space Station ‘ and Wired magazine has a good discussion on how Dr Sheikh can pinpoint his qiblat for his prayers. The same topics are also highlighted in CBS news and Discover magazine .
Hmmm… it seems that not many people are very excited about the scientific experiments that this angkasawan plan to carry out on board. Over the 12 days in space, he’s to do the study of the effects of microgravity and space radiation on cells and microbes plus experiments with proteins for a potential HIV vaccine. Pretty boring stuff, you think?
That Discover article above does mention about a software called ‘Muslim in Space’ developed by an electrical engineer from University Malaya, Zainol Abidin. The software calculates when spacefaring Muslims should pray and, using spherical trigonometry, discerns the direction of the Ka’aba. He is porting it to a PDA so that future astronauts can easily carry onto the station.
I should get one of those don’t you think. Just in case - I’ll need it when I board Richard Branson’s SpaceShipTwo soon. Watch out for Ash’s space adventure in the new 8tv series - ‘Space 2020′
the anonymous who said angkasawan blastoff it was me rasyid
I'm so addicted to Sungai Lembing..
There are a few places left in Malaysia where a visitor feels as if you have stepped back into an entirely different era. That is the impression I have taken back with me from visiting Sg. Lembing (sungai, Malay for river), a small township about 40 km from Kuantan on the east coast of Malaysia. Sg. Lembing is a small mining township that developed some two hundred years ago. The name probably honours one of its earliest pioneers, a migrant Chinese called Ah Lim Beng. But the history of mining in this area extends much further back, to prehistoric civilisations. The Sg. Lembing town, which developed in the late 1800s, is a reminder of the lengths the British would persevere in order to make some money from the hinterlands of their colonies.
One fine weekend, we cycled out from Kuantan to the old town of Sg. Lembing. For the early part of the journey, we passed small industries and town ships that characterises the New Malaysia, but soon all traces of an emerging economy disappears, and small villages and forests dominate the landscape. At the end of this scenic road, is the small town of Sg. Lembing. The colonial town plan, with generous plantings of shade trees, is clearly apparent in this small town. Passed the playing fields, is the domain of the tin miners. The British in their day, had maintained the playing field immaculately and thus making cricket in the tropics possible. According to residents, at one time, British Gentlemen clubs and English daily newspapers (such as the Times) were all available at Sungai Lembing. From the vantage point of the hill, large colonial houses (former residences of the early European miners) look down upon the town and the Lembing River. The tin mines processing factory lies ahead, and a nearby a small Malay community resides, descendants of the early miners that worked the area for tin.
The pit-mines of Sg. Lembing were closed in the 1986. Thus ending a long history of pit-mining that extended to the early 1880s. Pit-mining was not a favoured method of tin-extraction, as it was both dangerous and costly to maintain. But the tin deposits in the area were rich enough to justify such methods and to sustain nearly a 100 years of ore extraction. In the early days, the whole township was almost wholly under the care of the company; the roads, electricity, schools and health care being the responsibility of the company. It was incredible how they maintained this town, so far from Kuantan deep in the virgin jungle. Although the pit-mines have ceased to be used, a company has bought over the rights to the tin-ores of this area and continues to extract tin. The scale of operation is not what it used to be, and only an open cast method is being employed. A core group of about 30 old men appear to be the only ones left on the payroll!
Sg. Lembing is not a well-known recreation area, but apart from its historical attraction, the area offers some exciting outdoor opportunity. The more adventurous will find some challenging off-road trails that lead into virgin forests. Fishing appears to be popular further upstream from Sg. Lembing, and on the upper reaches of Sg. Kuantan. For me though, the roads are ideal for cycling, being both scenic and free from bustling traffic, and the journey from Kuantan is achievable even by us mere (non-tour de Langkawi type) mortals!
~hariz~
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world, and some Western historians have noted that its architectural beauty has never been surpassed. The Taj is the most beautiful monument built by the Mughals, the Muslim rulers of India. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
Taj Mahal was built by a Muslim, Emperor Shah Jahan (died 1666 C.E.) in the memory of his dear wife and queen Mumtaz Mahal at Agra, India. It is an "elegy in marble" or some say an expression of a "dream." Taj Mahal (meaning Crown Palace) is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal at the lower chamber. The grave of Shah Jahan was added to it later. The queen’s real name was Arjumand Banu. In the tradition of the Mughals, important ladies of the royal family were given another name at their marriage or at some other significant event in their lives, and that new name was commonly used by the public. Shah Jahan's real name was Shahab-ud-din, and he was known as Prince Khurram before ascending to the throne in 1628.
Taj Mahal was constructed over a period of twenty-two years, employing twenty thousand workers. It was completed in 1648 C.E. at a cost of 32 Million Rupees. The construction documents show that its master architect was Ustad ‘Isa, the renowned Islamic architect of his time. The documents contain names of those employed and the inventory of construction materials and their origin. Expert craftsmen from Delhi, Qannauj, Lahore, and Multan were employed. In addition, many renowned Muslim craftsmen from Baghdad, Shiraz and Bukhara worked on many specialized tasks.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The entire mausoleum (inside as well as outside) is decorated with inlaid design of flowers and calligraphy using precious gems such as agate and jasper. The main archways, chiseled with passages from the Holy Qur’an and the bold scroll work of flowery pattern, give a captivating charm to its beauty. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it. The large garden contains four reflecting pools dividing it at the center. Each of these four sections is further subdivided into four sections and then each into yet another four sections. Like the Taj, the garden elements serve like Arabesque, standing on their own and also constituting the whole.
~hariz~
Affiliate Marketing On The Internet
Affiliate Marketing is a performance based sales technique used by companies to expand their reach into the internet at low costs. This commission based program allows affiliate marketers to place ads on their websites or other advertising efforts such as email distribution in exchange for payment of a small commission when a sale results.
www.onlineuniversalwork.com
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